Discover the principles and ways of the expansion of the universe

So far, there are 3 pieces of evidence we know about the universe, which is why the big ** is called the mainstream theory

The first evidence was discovered in 1929: the discovery of galaxies by Edwin Hubble.

The distance between galaxies is widening, and the phenomenon of galaxies moving away from each other is a sign of the expansion of the universe in the grand ** theory;

The second piece of evidence is called "primordial nuclear fusion."

In the 60s of the last century, it was observed that the proportion of various atoms in the universe (75% of hydrogen atoms, 24% of helium atoms, and only 1% of heavier elements) was basically consistent with the predicted value of the big ** theory. Because according to this theory, at the beginning of the formation of the universe, only those lightest atoms (hydrogen and helium) existed, and the heavier atoms were formed later, in the stars, and in much smaller quantities;

The third piece of evidence is the discovery of cosmic background radiation in 1965.

This indicates that the entire universe is immersed at -270 (that is, more than absolute zero.)

Where does the weak radiation come from at a temperature of about 3 years high? The only plausible explanation seems to be that it is the embers of the huge light radiation emitted when the universe was still a hot gas, after it has cooled after the expansion of the universe.

The universe is currently in a stage of expansion, and the reason for the expansion is that the space in the universe, that is, the empty field, is expanding. The reason for the expansion of the empty field is that the energy gathered by the matter in the universe is in the release stage, and most of the energy released is transformed into the existence form of the empty field, and the volume of the empty field is expanding, and the internal space of the universe is expanding as a result, and the distance between the matter in the universe is increasing. This increase in distance is related to the expansion of the empty field volume, and the average increase in distance is 1/3 of the power of the increase in the empty field volume.

When the energy released by the cosmic matter is close to exhaustion, the gravitational effect between the cosmic matter dominates, and the expansion process of the universe ends. The universe begins to enter a contraction phase, and this contraction is bound to be an accelerated process, because the gravitational force will increase as the internal space of the universe, that is, the empty field, shrinks. As the universe shrinks, planets will one day fall into the stars around them, and the stars will merge with each other, and the density of matter, energy, and empty fields in the universe will increase.

The process will be that the universe is shrinking at the same time, the stars merge with each other, the temperature of the cosmic matter will rise, the matter will disintegrate, and finally the stars will expand and spread and merge with each other to form a pot of cosmic soup, and the matter, energy and empty field will return to the original state, and the sharp collapse of the moment will occur, and at the same time, the new universe will begin to enter a new round of creation process.

This is part of the Tuobian view of the universe – the evolution of the universe. The process of empty field expansion increases the volume of the empty field and attenuates the intensity of gravity. In the process of shrinking the empty field, the gravitational force causes the universe to shrink and the gravitational strength increases. The expansion process of the empty field is the release and transformation of the energy accumulated by matter into the increase of the energy stored in the empty field. The process of gravitational contraction is the release of energy in the empty field, and the increase in the temperature of the matter, that is, the increase in the conversion into heat energy.

The development of the universe also follows the "principle of relative equilibrium" - the new conclusion changes due to changes in time (mental property), space, and the scope of cognition (the further goal or pattern of life of man and thing), until the opposition and unity (in order to achieve the goal of mutual equilibrium, in order to achieve stability, which is a contradiction), and at this time it is a further expansion and expansion of the potential of knowledge (knowing and being known). The content of this principle explains the existence of expansion, which also responds to the expansion principle of the universe, and of course, the accumulation of steps to form a ladder has become the way for it to change.

The most recent support for the theory of the expansion of the universe came from observations made by two scientific teams using instruments operating from the South Pole.

The inflation theory first proposed in the early 80s of the 20th century ** There should be a pattern of small temperature differences in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), that is, the afterglow of the large **. It also shows that this pattern should show a series of gradually weaker peaks. Experiments conducted in 1992 using NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer provided the first images of temperature changes, and later observations from other instruments showed the presence of peaks.

However, new results from angle-scale interferometer (DASI) and balloon observations from the Millimeter Extragalactic Radiation and Geophysics (Boomerang) project reveal two peaks and strongly suggest the presence of a third peak.

Of particular interest is the ratio of intensity between the first and second peaks, which indicates how much ordinary matter there are in the universe for humans, stars, and galaxies. According to DASI, it is only equivalent to the total mass and energy of the universe, which is consistent with the 1998 estimate based on the amount of deuterium produced by the large **. Michael Turner of the University of Chicago said

The agreement between the measurements of ordinary quantities of matter is simply amazing. "The Great Framework and Einstein's General Theory of Relativity," he added, "have passed a major new test." ”

According to findings presented at the American Physical Society meeting in Washington, D.C., new data from the early universe provide the strongest evidence that our universe experienced a huge growth spurt shortly after the big **.

Explanation of the term Explanation of the Expansion of the Universe: Refers to a view of the universe by some scholars based on the results of the deduction of the general theory of relativity. Based on the shift of the spectral lines towards the red end (i.e., the higher wavelength end), they argue that the universe is expanding like a balloon.

In astronomy, redshift generally refers to this phenomenon observed in the spectrum of extragalactic galaxies. The farther away galaxies are, the greater the amount of redshift, and according to the general theory of relativity, there is a redshift in the spectral lines in a strong gravitational field. If the redshift is due to the Doppler effect, the speed at which the extragalactic galaxy leaves the observer increases by about 16 km-seconds for every 1 million light-years of distance, indicating that the light source is moving away from the observer.

Some astronomers have based this on this to believe that the universe is expanding.

Some people believe that the redshift phenomenon is due to the energy consumption of photons in the long propagation distance, so the frequency becomes smaller, and the spectral line shifts to the red end. Some people think that the redshift of galaxies is a property of space-time, and cannot simply be regarded as the Doppler effect, and the conclusion of the expansion of the universe is drawn from the conclusion that the redshift is a Doppler effect, and some people think that even if the redshift is a Doppler effect, it can only indicate that the total galaxy where the galaxy is located is currently expanding, and cannot be considered that the universe is expanding, and the two cannot be confused, because the universe is infinite, and there is no expansion or contraction.

The distance between the planets is getting farther and farther apart, that is, the universe is expanding all the time. In the center of the universe, there is a huge amount of energy that is pushing the entire universe to expand, for example, the center of the universe is constantly destroying positive and negative particles.

According to astronomers' observations of the universe, the universe is expanding, and the movement between the planets is also because of the expansion of the universe, not because of any repulsive force. Such a movement has existed since the great universe.

The theory of the expansion of the universe is that within one second after the universe is large, the universe expands rapidly, the major galaxies quickly break away and disperse, and the dust gradually gathers to form major galaxies; The condition for the expansion of the universe is that the tension produced at the time of the large ** is greater than the gravitational force (gravity) produced by the mass of matter.

In 1922, under the framework of general relativity, the Soviet mathematician Friedman came up with a set of dynamic solutions to Einstein's equations of the universe, and theoretically proved that the universe would either expand or contract, and would never remain at rest. The evolutionary trend of the universe depends on the ratio of the average density of matter in the universe to the critical density: it corresponds to an infinite and unbounded open universe;

corresponds to a flat, open universe;

Corresponds to a finite bounded closed universe.

In the first two cases, the universe will expand; In the latter case, the universe will expand and contract, i.e., "pulsate". (The currently known critical density is = 10-29 g cm3, and the observed average density without "dark matter" is = g cm3).

Is there a way to observe the motion of galaxies, the basic members of the universe? Is it possible to discover the self of galaxies by comparing astronomical photographic negatives taken in different eras, just as the self of stars (changes in the relative positions of stars on the celestial sphere) is discovered? This is impossible, at least under the current state of technology, because galaxies are so far away from us.

However, physics provides us with another powerful means of determining the speed of an object's motion due to the Doppler effect. Light waves, like sound waves, have a similar effect: the spectral lines of the light source moving towards the observer (compared to the stationary light source) will move towards the high frequency (i.e., the violet end of the spectrum), while the spectral line of the light source moving away from the observer will move towards the lower frequency (i.e., the red end), and the relative movement of the wavelength is proportional to the relative velocity of the movement.

In 1927, the Belgian astronomer Georges Lemaitre (1894-1966) based on Friedman's "solution", interpreted the observed redshift of extragalactic galaxies as the result of the expansion of large-scale cosmic space over time, and established the "expanding universe model".

In 1929, Hubble carefully studied the spectra of a number of galaxies and found that, with a few exceptions, the spectra of most galaxies exhibited redshifts, and the redshifts were roughly proportional to the distance of the galaxies. If we interpret the redshift as the Doppler effect, it means that all galaxies are moving away from us, and their receding speed is proportional to their distance from us. This relationship is called Hubble's law, and the proportionality coefficient is called Hubble's constant.

If we follow Copernicus's idea that we are not in a special central position in the universe, i.e., Hubble's law is true for any galaxy, then the direct inference is that all galaxies in the universe are moving away from each other, i.e., the universe is in a general expansion!

Hubble's discovery provided a direct basis for observation of Friedman's model of the universe, shook the traditional concept of the overall statism of the universe, and cleared the way for the study of the origin and evolution of the universe, which is one of the most important achievements of astronomy in this century.

Is this explanation of the expansion of the universe correct? Is there no God? "One explanation is that at the end of the BB burst out, the energy of this field was released, reheating the young universe to a temperature of the great **.

Cosmic inflation is based on the belief that space expands. Space is an empty volume, except, of course, a place occupied by objects. Empty does not expand. Matter separates in space.

God is a mythical being and the basis of religious beliefs. Science cannot prove that God does not exist, and believers cannot prove that "He" really exists. People believe that they want to make themselves happy and feel in harmony with the world....Or avoid the eternal torment "hell".

We do know that when matter is compressed enough by gravity, nuclear fusion causes "**". Supernovae and black holes (the largest observed to date) are examples of such "**". A man-made bomb is a small example of nuclear fusion**, but it is not "shattered" by gravity.

We also know that gravity pulls objects back together after they are blown away. This is the basis of cyclic cosmology known as "austerity". This is the most feasible cosmology, based on what we know to be scaled up to the size of the universe*, without any "inflated emptiness" and without any miraculous creation from nothing.

Argument against "Note: Entropy only applies to closed systems that lose energy to the external environment, not to the cosmic scale. The pace of expansion is still in the discovery and discussion phase and has not yet been finalized. (Redshifted light can have more than one reason, so it's complicated.) )

The expansion of the universe refers to the increase in the distance between any two parts of the universe with increasing time, and it is an internal expansion that forms with the change of the universe's scale itself. Nothing exists outside the universe, and the universe itself and the objects in the universe do not move, that is, the expansion of the universe is actually a change in the standard of measuring the size and geometry of space-time itself.

Although neither light nor objects move faster than the speed of light in space-time, the speed of light is not necessarily fixed. For the observer, it is the expansion of the universe, with all but our own galaxy retreating into the distance.

The expansion of the universe is correct, the universe has been expanding at the speed of light, has been expanding infinitely, and it is not known how long it will expand.

Based on the phenomenon of redshift, the expansion of the universe is true. Astronomers judge that the universe is expanding by observing the light waves emitted by fixed stars, the strength of Chinese broadcasts.

Personally, I think the expansion of the universe feels a bit ridiculous, after all, the universe is a relatively constant existence, it is a particularly stable inherent state, and the expansion makes people feel particularly dangerous.