What are the morphophonetic characters and borrowed characters?

Glyphic characters. People, hands, mouth, eyes, sun, moon, mountains, rivers, hits, flowers, morning, smell, round. Dreams, braids.

Borrowed words. 1. The cicada is endless, and the ape is endless. Turn, through the "chirp", the sound of birds. "Book with Zhu Yuansi".

2. Those who are in the world of economic affairs, peep into the valley and forget to return. On the contrary, through the "return". "Book with Zhu Yuansi".

3. Sparse strips are intertwined, and sometimes the sun is seen. See, through "present", exposed. "Book with Zhu Yuansi".

4. Horse eaters don't know that they can eat thousands of miles. Food, through "feeding", feeding. "The Horse Says".

5. Talent is not beautiful. See, through "present", performance. "The Horse Says".

6. Food can't be used to the fullest. material, through "talent", talent. "The Horse Says".

7. It's really no evil! Evil, through "yes", expressing doubt, is equivalent to "? "The Horse Says".

8. The four stiff can't move. Branch, through the "limb". "Sending Dongyang Horses to Life".

9. The same students are all embroidered. I wear it by "draping". "Sending Dongyang Horses to Life".

10. Politics is harmonious, and all kinds of waste are prosperous. With, through "all", all, all. "The Story of Yueyang Tower".

11. It belongs to the composition to remember it. Genus, through "will", entrustment. "The Story of Yueyang Tower".

12. The golden bottle of sake is ten thousand, and the jade plate is ten thousand dollars. Shame, through "food", delicious food, straight, through "value". "Difficult to Walk".

Glyphic characters. formula (try, wipe).

Drought (defending, fighting, welding).

generation (bag, loan).

Segments (forged, satin).

奂 (change, call, rejuvenation, slack, paralysis).

Nongs (thick, pus).

Rong (Rong, dissolved, Rong, Melted).

Si (tear, hiss).

Tang (tang, enamel, sugar).

Calendar (drain, thunderbolt).

There are many borrowed words, such as: its, smell, waist, Wu, I, hu, zhi, husband, Pi, Cai, etc. "Pretense" includes the pretense of "making characters" and the pretense of "using words", the former refers to the pretense in the "Six Books", and the latter refers to the pretense of the characters used in ancient documents (also known as "ancient sound and fake").

The words "made" by the six-book pretense borrowing method are called "six-book pretense borrowing"; The words used by the ancient sound are called "Tong fake characters".

Example: The word "morning" in "morning" is often written as the word "flea" in ancient books as "flea":

1. "The Book of Songs, Surrounding the Wind, July": "On the fourth day, its fleas, offering lambs and leeks." ”

2, "Chinese and Vietnamese": "Who makes me flea and stop?" Isn't it Wu Hu? ”

3, "Mencius: Lilouxia": "Flea rises, and give from the beloved." ”

4, "Historical Records: Xiang Yu Benji": "Uncle Xiang promised, and said that Pei Gong said: 'You can't help but thank King Xiang every day!'" ’”

5, "On Heng and Asking Kong": "Yan Yuan died of fleas. ”

The pretended words are: its, smell, waist, black, me.

1. "Its" is a pictograph, which originally recorded a noun with the meaning of "dustpan" in the language. There are also some imaginary words in the language, which mean "that", "his", "if", or indicate a euphemistic tone, a rhetorical tone, and their pronunciation is the same as "it"; It stands to reason that new words should be coined for each of them.

However, for various reasons, the ancients did not create characters for them, but directly borrowed the word "their" to record them. Therefore, in addition to the original meaning of "dustpan", "its" also expresses the above-mentioned several false words.

2. The word "Wen Weizhao" is like a person listening to something with his ears pricked up, indicating that he is listening attentively and is a knowing word. But later it was borrowed to mean sniffing things with the nose, and now the original meaning and borrowing of the word "smell" are parallel, which can mean both listening to sounds with the ears and smelling smells with the nose.

3. The "waist" oracle bone inscription is "to", the middle is a human figure, indicating a graceful and colorful woman, and the Japanese character on it indicates the woman's head, with a hand on each side, indicating that the woman is standing with her hands crossed on her waist, so the original meaning of "to" is the waist of the person. "To be" was used as other meanings, such as "need" and "important", so people added the word "month" to the left of the word "want" to refer to the waist of the person.

4. The glyph of the word "Wu" is a spring bird that has been facing the sky, and it is a pictograph, and the original meaning is crow. Later, people also used the pronunciation of wu when expressing exclamations, and added a "mouth" word next to the word "wu" to be used as an interjection.

5. "I": The original meaning of "I" is a weapon in ancient times, which is a pictograph. Later, people wanted to use wo to express the first person but there was no corresponding word, thinking that there was a pronunciation of a weapon, which was also wo, so they borrowed it, and with the passage of time, the original meaning of the word "I" was gone, leaving only the borrowed meaning.

Borrowed words. There are two types of borrowed words. One is the pretense that has no words, that is, the pretense borrowed words mentioned above.

Such as "north", the oracle bone inscription "" like two people against each other. The "north" in the north is intangible, and the meaning of the north is expressed by the same phonetic "". Xu Shen said in "Shuo Wen Xu" that "those who pretend to borrow have no words, and rely on the voice to do things", which is this category.

There are many words in this category in the course of language development. Another type of borrowed word is the borrowed word. The meaning of the word is that there is a writing form that expresses the meaning of a word in the words used in daily use, but in the use of the original conventional glyph and written as another word with the same or similar sound without the same meaning.

This category is extremely common in ancient books above the Qin and Han dynasties. For example, borrowing "soup" is "dang"; "The Book of Songs, Fengfeng, July" "Eat melons in July, break the pot in August", borrow "pot" as "gourd", these are all pretenses that have their own words. The former category can be said to be a pretense that does not make words, and the latter category is a pretense in the use of words.

There may be two reasons why you should write another borrowed word if you have a word in the word. One reason is that the writer hastily wrote it as a word with the same sound, and the successive generations copied it because it was old and did not change; Another reason is that in a certain period, a certain region or a certain teacher, it is often customary to use a certain character instead of a certain character, and the future generations will continue to write the same.

2. Two types of situations of fake borrowed words.

1) Borrowing without words Borrowing without words: Some words were not specially created for it, and people selected some homophones from the existing text to record. For example:

The negative indefinite pronoun that means "no one, nothing" was originally not specially created for it, so it was recorded by borrowing the homonym Mo" (original meaning twilight). In this way, "Mo" has also become a special word for recording negative indefinite pronouns. In order to distinguish it, people later coined "twilight" to mean sunset.

The relationship between "Mo" and "Twilight" belongs to the relationship between ancient and modern characters. Another example is to borrow the "ran" in the original meaning of "burning" to record the demonstrative pronoun that means "so, so"; borrowing the "its" in the original meaning of "畚箕" to record pronouns and modal words; borrowing the "hu" in the original meaning of "call" to record the final sentence modal words of the table question; borrowed the original meaning of "the mallet of the mortar" to record the seventh place of the twelve earthly branches, and so on; This is the case.

2) The original character has its own character The original character has been fake: some words have been specially created for it, but for various reasons, the writer did not use the original word, but found another word with the same or similar pronunciation to replace it.

For example: "early" in morning and evening is written as "flea";

The "stretch" of flexion and stretching is written as "letter";

The "fly" of flying is written as "蜚";

The "" in feces and urine is written as "arrow", and "urine" is written as "drowning";

The "betrayal" of betrayal is written as "side";

The "refusal" of resistance is written as "distance"; Wait.

Under the pretense of "dustpan."

The "箕" indicates the "its" of the pronoun;

The "wu" in the guise of "crow" means the "woo" of "woohoo" and so on.

Similar examples include:

Lai: The original meaning refers to the pictogram of "wheat".

pretense refers to the "coming" of coming;

Order: The original meaning refers to the meaning of "order", which is pretended to be used for "order";

Long: The original meaning refers to the pictogram of "old", which is pretended to be used for "chief";

Dao: The original meaning refers to the meaning of "road", pretending to be the "way" of morality;

It: The original meaning refers to the pictogram of "snake", which is borrowed as the pronoun "it" for the table animal.

Generally speaking, borrowed words are homophones. But homophones are not necessarily borrowed words. Fake borrowed words are used to express new meanings without creating new words, that is, old words are renovated. And this method of borrowing the old and renovating it is often borrowed but not returned.