What is positive and negative stereotyping in blood grouping?

It's clearer. Please note that the following is only a brief summary of the main points of the entry, and is not original to me. Foundation. Blood type A.

The red blood cells in the human body contain type A antigens, and the blood contains antibodies that react with B antigens. Blood type B.

The red blood cells in the human body contain type B antigens, and the blood contains antibodies that react with the A antigen; People with blood type AB have red blood cells in the body that contain antigens A and B, but the blood does not contain antibodies that can react with antigens A or B. Blood type O.

Red blood cells in the human body do not contain A or B antigens, but blood contains antibodies that react with A and B antigens, respectively. For example, if blood with blood type A (which contains antibodies that react with the B antigen) and red blood cells from blood type B (which contains the B antigen) are mixed, the red blood cells will agglutinate. In stereotyped ABO blood type.

Positive typing refers to mixing a standard serum containing a antigen and a standard serum containing a b antigen (only liquid, no red blood cells) with the person's blood to see if the blood agglutinates, and conversely, antityping is to use red blood cells containing a type A antigen and B antigen (note that they are cells) mixed with the person's blood to observe whether there is an agglutination reaction. Theoretically, the four blood types correspond to the four outcomes, and as for the theoretical corresponding results of blood types A, B, AB, and O, the reader can calculate it himself, and it is not difficult. The problem is that in reality, there are more than four possible outcomes, but there are only four blood types in the ABO blood group classification, so what blood type should the extra results correspond to?

As for why positive and negative stereotyping is done, it is because in addition to the common AB antigen, there are other types of antigens, such as the surface of type O red blood cells does not contain AB antibodies (the standard serum treatment of anti-A and anti-B antibodies is used, and all type O red blood cells are not agglutinated, so the positive type is O blood), but it can produce agglutination reaction with the serum of some people, indicating that the serum of these people contains other special antibody components. When transfusing type O blood from other people, it is dangerous to have red blood cell agglutination caused by your own serum. In short, ABO blood group is only a common way to classify blood groups, but it does not include everyone, and there are indeed other special blood types. It is not troublesome to carry out positive and negative stereotyping, compared with only positive stereotyping, but two more drops of reagent are dropped on the glass plate, and the total is only four drops; Second, once the results of the positive and negative stereotyping test do not show one of the expected four results, it is very likely that the person's blood type is relatively special and belongs to a special blood type, and special attention should be paid to avoid danger when using blood transfusion.

There are many types of human blood types, and each blood group system is determined by genetic factors and has immunological properties. The most common blood group system is ABO blood group, which is divided into four types: A, B, AB, and O. followed by the Rh blood group system, which is mainly divided into Rh-positive and Rh-negative; The second is the MN and MNS blood group system. According to the current clinical testing at home and abroad, more than 30 human blood types have been found.

blood groups blood types) is a genetic trait in the form of blood antigens, and in a narrow sense, blood type refers specifically to the differences between individuals in red blood cell antigens; However, it is now known that in addition to red blood cells, there are antigenic differences between individuals in white blood cells, platelets, and even certain plasma proteins. Therefore, blood grouping in a broad sense should include the differences in antigens of each component of the blood between individuals. In fact, blood group has a wide range of practical value in anthropology, genetics, forensic science, clinical medicine and other disciplines, so it has important theoretical and practical significance, and at the same time, the discovery of animal blood group also provides new problems and research directions for blood group research.

Blood groups are generally divided into four types: A, B, AB and O, and there are more than 10 blood group systems that are extremely rare, such as Rh-negative blood group, MNSSU blood group, P blood type, and D deficiency blood type. Among them, type AB can accept blood transfusion of any blood type, so it is called a universal blood recipient, and type O can be exported to people of any blood type, so it is called a universal blood transfusion, abnormal blood person, in fact, the transport between different blood types can generally only be delivered in small amounts, not in large quantities. If you want a large amount of blood transfusion, it is better to have the same blood type.

The meaning of positive and negative blood group stereotype generally refers to the two identification methods of positive and negative blood grouping.

Blood group refers to the type of specific antigen on the red blood cell membrane, most commonly the red blood cell ABO blood group system.

and the RH blood group system. ABO blood group slowdown is the division of blood into 4 blood groups based on the presence or absence of antigens A and B on the red blood cell membrane. Only antigen A is type A on red blood cells, only antigen B is type B, and if there is both A and B antibodies, the principle is AB, and those without both antigens are type O.

People with different blood types have different antibodies in their serum, but they do not contain antibodies against their own red blood cell antigens. Such as in blood type A.

The serum contains only anti-B antibodies. The Rh blood group system is the most complex type of red blood cell blood group, and the presence of D antigen on red blood cells is usually referred to as Rh positive.

Whereas the absence of D antigen on red blood cells is called Rh negative.

Positive typing (i.e., cell stereotyping): Antibody-specific reagent serum is used to check the antigen of red blood cells. Anti-typing (serotyping) is a method in which antibodies are checked for antibodies in serum using red blood cells, a reagent with a known blood type.

ABO positive stereotype, anti-slag foci type:

1. Forward stereotyping: Detect unknown antigens on red blood cells with standard serum of known antibodies.

2. Reverse stereotyping: Unknown antibodies in the serum are checked with standard red blood cells of known blood type.

Forward and reverse typing is based on the presence of antigen and antibody. The result was determined that all red blood cells with agglutination were positive, and those in a scattered free state were negative.

ABO blood group identification is based on the ABO blood group antigen antibody mechanism:

According to the distribution of agglutination proto-A and B, the blood is divided into four types: A, B, AB, and O.

Only the original A of red blood cells is blood type A, and there is anti-B lectin in the serum; Only the original B agglutinum on the red blood cells is type B blood, and there are anti-A lectins in the serum; The two agglutinogens A and B on red blood cells are AB blood type, and there are no anti-A and anti-B lectins in their serum; Those who have no agglutinates on red blood cells A and Ruming B are type O, and their serum has both anti-A and anti-B lectins.

Red blood cells with proagglutinin A can be agglutinated by anti-A lectin; Anti-B lectins agglutinate red blood cells containing proagglutinated B. If the blood group is incompatible during blood transfusion, the transfused red blood cells will agglutinate, causing vascular occlusion and a large amount of intravascular hemolysis, causing serious consequences. Therefore, blood grouping must be done before blood transfusion.

1. The results of the two types of typing can be verified by each other, making the blood group identification results more accurate.

In the process of blood group identification, there are many factors that can lead to wrong results, and some wrong results are not easy to find with positive stereotype, such as standard serum problems, B-like phenomenon, red blood cell polyagglutination or total agglutination phenomenon, and some reasons for antigen weakening, etc., with anti-stereotype review can make up for the lack of positive stereotype, and it is easy to find and correct blood group errors when there is inconsistency between positive and negative stereotypes.

2. It can be found that the subtype or disease ** element causes changes in blood group antigens or antibodies. The antigen on the red blood cells of subtype recipients is weak and difficult to detect, and it is easy to be mistaken for rockshirt, but their serum contains antibodies corresponding to their blood group, so anti-typing can prevent the missed detection of some A and B subtypes.

1. The results of the two stereotypes can be verified by each other.

The results of blood grouping are more.

bai is accurate.

In the process of blood group identification, there are many factors that can lead to wrong DAO results, and some wrong results are not easy to find with positive stereotype, such as standard serum problems, B-like phenomenon, red blood cell polyagglutination or total agglutination phenomenon, and some reasons for antigen weakening, etc., and the re-examination of anti-stereotype can make up for the lack of positive stereotype, and it is easy to find and correct blood group errors when there is inconsistency between positive and negative stereotypes.

2. It can be found that the subtype or disease ** element causes changes in blood group antigens or antibodies. The antigen on the red blood cells of subtype recipients is weak and difficult to detect, and it is easy to be misdetermined, but their serum contains antibodies corresponding to their blood group, so anti-typing can prevent the missed detection of some A and B subtypes.

Conventional stereotyping must include positive stereotyping (i.e., anti-erythrocyte stereotyping, anti-erythrocyte stereotyping, anti-serotyping, and cell serotyping). The results of the two types can be verified against each other, making the blood grouping results more accurate.

There are many factors that can lead to erroneous results in the blood grouping process. Some erroneous results are not easy to detect with positive stereotypes, such as standard serum problems, similar phenomena, red blood cell hyperstimulation or total agglutination, and some causes of antigen weakening. Negative stereotyping can compensate for the lack of positive stereotyping, and it is easy to detect and correct blood group errors when there are inconsistencies in positive and negative stereotype results.

Positive and negative stereotypes are helpful in the discovery of subtypes. Because the antigens on the red blood cells of patients with subtypes are not easy to detect and are easily misdetermined, but their serum contains antibodies corresponding to their blood groups, countertyping can prevent some subtypes from being missed.

Positive and anti-stereotyping are defined as the use of standard serum of known antibodies to detect red blood cells on the attack of unknown antigens。Reverse stereotyping uses standard red blood cells of known blood type to check for unknown antibodies in the serum. Forward and reverse typing is based on the presence of antigen and antibody.

The result was determined that all red blood cells with agglutination were positive, and those in a scattered free state were negative. ABO positive and negative stereotypes are used for blood grouping.

Positive stereotype meaning explainedPositive typing is cell stereotyping, which refers to the method of using anti-A and anti-B blood group reagents to detect the presence of A and B antigens on red blood cells to determine blood type. Positive stereotyping and anti-stereotyping are to be done when ABO blood group identification, and they are routinely done. In fact, positive stereotyping and anti-stereotyping have always been a kind of mutually confirming such a work.

Cell stereotyping, also known as positive stereotyping, refers to the use of anti-A and anti-B blood group reagents.