What is Procedural Knowledge? The difference and connection between procedural and declarative knowl

Procedural knowledge.

It is also known as operational knowledge, which is that individuals do not consciously extract clues, so their existence can only be indirectly speculated with the help of a certain form of work. This type of knowledge is mainly used to solve the problem of what to do and how to do it.

Meaning. The modern view of knowledge divides knowledge into declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge according to the different forms of reflection activities. Procedural knowledge, also known as operational knowledge, is knowledge that is difficult for individuals to state clearly and can only be indirectly inferred with the help of a certain form of work.

This kind of knowledge is mainly used for the problem of "how to think" and "how to do", and is mainly characterized by generative and generative systems, and is used to solve the problem of what to do and how to do it.

Gagne, an American psychologist, believes that procedural knowledge includes two subcategories: mental skills and cognitive strategies. Mental skills are procedural knowledge of external affairs using concepts and rules, mainly used to process external information. Cognitive strategy, also known as strategic knowledge, is the procedural knowledge that uses concepts and rules to regulate internally, mainly used to regulate and control one's own processing activities.

Type. Procedural knowledge can be divided into different types according to different criteria. In terms of the scope of use, there is procedural knowledge of general and special fields; In terms of the degree of automation, there is knowledge of automated and controllable procedures.

Some procedural knowledge can be universally applied to various fields, but is not closely related to any special field, so it is called procedural knowledge in the general field. This kind of procedural knowledge is represented in human memory as a generative system in the general domain, which is in fact what is commonly referred to as a general method or a general approach, such as the method of writing a work plan, the principles of interpersonal communication, and so on.

Depending on the degree of automation, procedural knowledge can be divided into automated and controllable. Compared with the knowledge of automated and controllable procedures, there are generally the following differences:1

The former operate extremely fast, generally cannot exert intentional influence, and are almost unconscious when activating them; The latter are generally slower, and individuals are able to consciously monitor such programs. 2.The former are astonishingly accurate, and they almost always produce the correct expected behavior, while the latter does not.

3.Due to its high degree of automation, the former rarely needs to think, so it occupies less cognitive resources. The latter obviously uses cognitive resources and occupies working memory space.

There is a limit to the capacity of a person to think carefully at a given moment, and in general, a person can no longer use multiple controllable procedural knowledge at the same time. 4.The former is often not able to be expressed in words due to automation; The latter, due to the low degree of automation, can often be expressed in words.

Declarative knowledge and knowledgeProcedural knowledge. The main differences are that the nature is different, the activation speed is different, the manifestation is different, and the acquisition method is different, which is as follows:

First, the nature is different.

1. Declarative knowledge.

Declarative knowledge, also known as "descriptive knowledge". It refers to the knowledge that an individual has the ability to consciously extract clues and directly recall and state them.

2. Procedural knowledge.

Procedural knowledge is knowledge that individuals do not consciously extract clues and can only indirectly infer their existence with the help of a certain form of work.

Second, the activation speed is different.

1. Declarative knowledge.

Declarative knowledge activation is a slow process that requires learners to recognise or reproduce relevant facts.

2. Procedural knowledge.

Procedural knowledge activation is very fast, and it is an activity that automates the transformation of information.

Third, the way of expression is different.

1. Declarative knowledge.

Declarative knowledge can be expressed through the use of good knowledge, recall, recognizing, and relating to other knowledge.

2. Procedural knowledge.

Procedural knowledge must be represented through a variety of operational steps.

Fourth, the way to obtain it is different.

1. Declarative knowledge.

Declarative knowledge can be acquired in the form of **, lectures, etc. (e.g., prevention of influenza A (H1N1).

knowledge). 2. Procedural knowledge.

Procedural knowledge can only be acquired through practice and practice (e.g., the technique of cycling).

The above content refers to Encyclopedia - Declarative Knowledge.

Encyclopedia - Modular knowledge of program ruler stockings.

Procedural knowledge.

The differences and connections between declarative knowledge and declarative knowledge are as follows:

The difference between declarative and procedural knowledge.

First, the definitions are different. Declarative knowledge is the knowledge of "what" and "why", this kind of knowledge is mainly used to answer the question of "what" and "why", and can be used to distinguish and discern things, which is a kind of static knowledge, also called descriptive knowledge. Procedural knowledge is the knowledge of "how to do", which is mainly used to solve the problems of "what to do" and "how to do".

Procedural knowledge is essentially a set of operational steps and processes related to affairs, which is closely related to practical operations, and is a kind of dynamic knowledge, also called procedural knowledge or process knowledge.

Second, the mental representations are different. Declarative knowledge is mainly represented in the form of concepts, propositions, and propositional networks, while procedural knowledge is mainly characterized in terms of generative and generative systems.

Third, the measurement is different. Declarative knowledge is knowledge that can be directly stated, and its extraction of clues is conscious, so it can be measured by stating or telling, which is a direct measurement; Procedural knowledge is an operational step, and its existence can often only be indirectly inferred with the help of a certain form of troubled work, which is an indirect measurement.

Fourth, activation and extraction are different. Declarative knowledge is a kind of static knowledge, the input and output are the same, and its activation is the reproduction of the input information, which is a process of conscious search. Generally speaking, its activation speed is relatively slow.

Procedural knowledge is a dynamic type of knowledge with different inputs and outputs. Its activation is the transformation and manipulation of information, which requires both processing and computing of information. Spotted and straight, their activation speed is relatively fast, and they can activate each other.

If the child can correctly solve the problem of "a rope is 1 meter long, Xiaodong used 2 7 meters, how many meters is left in this rope", then the child can be considered to have obtained the same denominator.

Procedural knowledge of fraction subtraction.

Fifth, the rate of learning and forgetting is different. The key to learning declarative knowledge is to understand and memorize them, which is usually acquired through memory. So, it's a process of memorization.

Comparatively speaking, the speed of learning is faster, and the speed of forgetting is also faster. The key to learning procedural knowledge is to be proficient in operating methods. Comparatively speaking, the pace of learning is slower, and forgetting is also slower.

Some skills are even lifelong once mastered, such as learning to ride a bike.

Generally speaking, declarative knowledge is the basis for acquiring procedural knowledge of learning, because to learn the "how", one must first know the "what" and "why" questions. At the same time, the acquisition of procedural knowledge also provides a reliable guarantee for the acquisition of new declarative knowledge, because the acquisition of declarative knowledge is inseparable from the judgment and transformation of certain information. Procedural knowledge includes intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, and motor skills, and the acquisition of all three often provides a good foundation for later learning of declarative knowledge.

(1) From the perspective of basic structure

Declarative knowledge is the meaning of the concepts, propositions and principles represented by symbols, and the key to mastering declarative knowledge is to understand the meaning represented by symbols. Procedural knowledge is the argumentative use of declarative knowledge, and its basic structure is action or generation, and the key to forming procedural knowledge is to master the operation method.

(2) From the input and output

Declarative knowledge is relatively static and easy to express clearly in words; Procedural knowledge is relatively dynamic and is not easy to express clearly in words.

(3) From the perspective of the degree of consciousness control

Declarative knowledge has a higher degree of conscious control and slower activation speed, and is often a conscious search process. Procedural knowledge has a lower degree of consciousness control and a faster activation rate.

(4) From the point of view of learning speed

Declarative knowledge is learned quickly, and can be advanced or accumulated by leaps and bounds in a short period of time, but it is also forgotten quickly; Procedural knowledge is slow to learn and requires a lot of practice to get to the point where practice makes perfect. Procedural knowledge is generally over-learned, so it remains firmer than declarative knowledge.

(5) From the perspective of memory storage

Due to the structured and hierarchical characteristics of declarative knowledge, the storage of declarative knowledge presents the disadvantages of non-independent network, and its migration has the characteristics of superposition and expansion. The storage of procedural knowledge presents an independent module, and the transfer of procedural knowledge has the characteristics of sequence transfer.

(6) From a measurement point of view

Declarative knowledge is measured by "stating" or "telling" verbally or in writing; Procedural knowledge can only be measured by observing behavior, whether it can be done and what it will do.

Declarative knowledge is knowledge about things and their relationships, or rather about "what is".

Procedural knowledge is knowledge about the behavior or operational steps to accomplish a task, or the knowledge of "how to do it".

Declarative knowledge includes the expression of facts, rules, events, etc.

Procedural knowledge includes all the specific operating procedures that are used to carry out information conversion activities.

Answer]: a, b, c

Procedural argumentative knowledge, also known as operational knowledge, is the knowledge that an individual does not intend to extract clues with a sail, so its existence can only be indirectly inferred with the help of some kind of operation-shaped sedan chair. This type of knowledge is mainly used to solve the problem of what to do and how to do it.