How does the plane change direction? How does the plane control its direction

First of all, we must know the three axes of the aircraft, and establish a three-dimensional coordinate system with the center of gravity of the aircraft as the origin, which is called the longitudinal axis through the nose and tail, the horizontal axis that runs through the wing, and the vertical axis that runs through the wing. The attitude control of the aircraft is to control the rotation of the aircraft around these three axes. The first look at the pitch is that the aircraft rotates around the horizontal axis, which is realized by the elevator on the horizontal tail, and the elevator deviates downward, so the oncoming air will give the rudder surface an upward force, which makes the aircraft rotate around the horizontal axis, which is the downward pitch.

In the same way, the elevator deviates upwards and the aircraft looks up. The second looks at the roll, which is achieved by the aileron of the wing tip. The left aileron deviates downward, and the air will give an upward force to the wing surface, causing the aircraft to rotate around the longitudinal axis, that is, to roll right, in the same way, the left aileron is deflected upward, and the aircraft rolls left.

It should be noted that the direction of movement of the left and right ailerons is opposite, because the left aileron is deflected downward, and the force obtained by the aircraft is left upward, and at the same time, the right aileron is deflected upward, and the force obtained by the aircraft is right downward, which together makes the aircraft roll right. The third looks at yaw, which to put it bluntly is turning, which is achieved by the rudder on the vertical tail. If the rudder deviates to the left, the oncoming air will blow it to the right, giving the tail of the aircraft a moment to the right, which makes the aircraft rotate around the longitudinal axis, then the nose of the aircraft is turned left.

Finally, the left and right here refer to the left and right when the person is standing in front of the nose of the aircraft with his back to the aircraft, or when he is sitting in the cockpit. Many modern fighters (such as the J-10) use front canards to control flight, and some more modern fighters use vector nozzles (F22, SU35, etc.) to provide a direction change torque by changing the direction of the nozzle to achieve the purpose of controlling the aircraft to change direction.

The steering of the aircraft is not only controlled by the vertical tail, i.e. the rudder, but also involves the attitude control of the aircraft in the three axes of the horizontal longitudinal and transverse axes, as well as the vertical axis. To put it simply, the aircraft completes a steering action, and the pilot needs to make corresponding actions in all three axes of the aircraft to complete the steering hope.

1. First of all, let's understand the control of the pitch direction of the aircraft. Generally, our common airplanes have a pair of small horizontal wing surfaces at the tail, called horizontal tails (referred to as flat tails). On the trailing edge of the horizontal tail, there is a rudder surface that can move up and down, called an elevator.

The elevator has the function of controlling the pitch of the aircraft. During the flight, the pilot pulls the steering stick back, and the elevator will deflect upward, so that the airflow will exert a downward force on the horizontal tail, pressing the tail of the aircraft down, so that the aircraft will raise its head and fly upward.

2. In the same way, if the pilot pushes the steering stick forward, the elevator will deflect downward, and the airflow will produce an upward force on the horizontal tail, so that the nose will sink, and the aircraft will bow its head and dive downward.

3. Look at the control of the yaw direction of the aircraft. In the middle of the tail of the common aircraft, there is a vertical wing surface, which is called the vertical tail (referred to as the vertical tail). It acts as a stabilizing effect on the deflection of the aircraft to the left or right.

The trailing edge of the vertical tail also has a movable rudder surface, called a rudder. It controls the direction of the aircraft's yaw. When the aircraft is flying, the pilot kicks the stirrups to the right, and the rudder will deflect to the right, so that the airflow will exert a force to the left on the vertical tail, so that the nose will be deflected to the right, and the aircraft will yaw to the right.

In the same way, if the pilot kicks the stirrups to the left and the rudder is deflected to the left, the aircraft will yaw to the left.

4. Finally, understand the control of the rolling direction of the aircraft. The outside of the trailing edge of the left and right wings of the aircraft has a movable rudder surface, called ailerons. The ailerons control the tilt of the aircraft to the left or right, and the angle of inclination is the slope.

When flying, the pilot presses the steering stick to the left, and the ailerons on the right side of the aircraft will deflect downward, making the right wing more curvature and lift more. At the same time, the left ailerons deflect upward, making the left wing curvature smaller and less lifting. In this way, the difference in lift from left to right causes the plane to roll to the left.

In the same way, the pilot presses the joystick to the right, the left aileron deflects downward, the right aileron deflects upward, and the plane rolls to the right.

The aircraft is oriented by tail fins (horizontal tail, vertical tail), wing upper ailerons, canards, and vector nozzles.

Aircraft take-off principle: Utilizes a fundamental principle in fluid mechanics: flow velocity is inversely proportional to pressure.

That is, the faster the air moves, the less pressure the air will be, and vice versa. The shape of the upper and lower sides of the wing of the aircraft is different, the upper side is more convex, and the lower side is flatter.

When an airplane taxi, the wings move in the air, which is equivalent to the air flowing along the wings in terms of relative motion. Since the shape of the upper and lower sides of the wing is different, the air on the upper side of the wing flows more distance than the air on the lower side in the same time, that is, the air flow on the upper side of the wing is faster than the air flow on the lower side.

According to the principle of hydrodynamics, when the aircraft slides, the air pressure on the upper side of the wing is less than that on the lower side, which causes the aircraft to produce an upward buoyant force. When the plane taxith to a certain speed, this buoyancy reaches a force strong enough to make the plane fly.

The meaning of airplanes:

Aeroplane (airplane) refers to a heavier-than-air aircraft with one or more engines that generates forward thrust or pull, and lift is generated by the fixed wings of the fuselage.

The airplane is one of the most significant inventions of the early 20th century, recognized as invented by the American Wright brothers. Their flight on December 17, 1903, was recognized by the Fédération Internationale de Nautical (FAI) as "the first controlled, sustained powered flight of a heavier-than-air aircraft", and in the same year they founded the Wright Aircraft Company.

Since the invention of the airplane, the airplane has increasingly become an indispensable tool of modern civilization. It profoundly changed and affected people's lives, and opened the history of people's conquest of the blue sky.