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1 The application of printing technology greatly reduced the cost of the carrier of cultural transmission, enabled the common people to have the right to read cultural classics, thus breaking the monopoly of the aristocracy, clergy and the Holy See on culture and biblical interpretation, broadening the horizons of the common people, eliminating ignorance, and laying a good cultural and popular foundation for the Enlightenment; The mass printing has made the spread of culture more rapid and widespread. It has promoted the diversification of cultural thinking and promoted the wide dissemination and development of ideological trends.

At that time, the right to interpret the Bible was only enjoyed by the Holy See and the clergy, and the common people could only understand and live according to the requirements and interpretations of the church.

2 Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879, April 18, 1955), one of the world's ten outstanding physicists in the theory of relativity, the founder, integrator and founder of modern physics. As a 20th-century Jewish theoretical physicist, Albert Einstein founded the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (the other being quantum mechanics), is best known for his mass-energy equation e = mc2, and was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "contributions to theoretical physics, especially the discovery of the photoelectric effect".

Beethoven is a German classical composer who combines classicism and is also a pianist.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Beethoven (1770-1827) was a famous German composer, pianist and conductor, and one of the representatives of the Vienna Classical School. He composed 9 numbered symphonies, 35 piano sonatas, the last 32 numbered, 10 violin sonatas, 16 string quartets, 1 opera, 2 masses, 1 oratorio and 3 cantatas. In addition, there is a large number of chamber music, art songs, and dance music.

These works have a profound impact on the development of **, so he is respected as "Le Sheng".

3 a.Germany has gradually established a capitalist market economy, perfected the market system, and introduced foreign capital, which has provided strong financial support for the development of its own economy.

b.Resolve the contradictions with neighboring countries, make full use of domestic and foreign resources, strengthen unity, and actively promote the integration of European countries, so as to form a greater unified market environment, give full play to market advantages, explore market resources and needs, and promote rapid and effective economic development.

d The moral of the cartoon is to call for a new Bretton Woods-style system to manage international exchange rates, arguing that replacing the dollar with an artificial currency can solve some of the problems associated with the possibility of large deficits in countries, and also contribute to stability. A, B, and C all embody this meaning. At the time of the establishment of the Bretton Woods system, the dollar had become an international means of payment and a reserve currency, and although it lost its hegemony in the early 70s, it is still the most important currency to date.

This option is clearly wrong.

Cheng Zhu Lixue is the collective name of the Northern Song Dynasty physicists Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi and the Southern Song Dynasty physicist Zhu Xi.

Ercheng Zeng was a classmate of Zhou Dunyi, the founding master of science in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his works were compiled by later generations as "Henan Cheng's Testament". They regard "reason" or "heavenly principle" as the highest category of philosophy, and believe that reason is omnipresent, immortal and imperishable, not only the origin of the world, but also the highest criterion of social life. In terms of poor reasoning methods, Cheng Hao is "mainly quiet" and emphasizes "righteousness and sincerity"; Cheng Yi "respects the Lord" and emphasizes "learning from things".

In terms of the theory of human nature, Ercheng advocates "eliminating human desires and preserving heavenly principles", and deeply explains this view to make it more systematic. The emergence of the Ercheng doctrine marked the formal formation of the ideological system of Song **xue.

Same: comprehensive and clear.

Trespassing on private property is strictly prohibited.

Crush a butterfly on the wheel. Difference: Class Essence.

Features: "A quasi-courtesy".

The punishment is even. The legislative technique is unprecedentedly perfect.

The importance attached to Confucianism by the rulers of the early Tang Dynasty and the further development of Confucianism effectively promoted the combination of ritual and law in the Tang Dynasty. The ruling class fully recognizes the role of etiquette, righteousness, morality and the role of law, and adheres to the ruling ideology of combining etiquette and law; the relative completeness of the legal system and the system of etiquette; The stable and good social, political and economic conditions provide realistic conditions for the combination of rituals and laws.

c is clearly wrong.

Commerce has always been a supplement to the agrarian economy and failed to occupy a dominant position in the ancient Chinese economy, so C