What are the two ways in which genes control traits?

Protein is the embodiment of all life activities, and different traits are embodied through different proteins, so the control of genes over traits is achieved by genes by controlling the coding of proteins, and RNA cannot directly determine the traits, so choose B instead of C

First of all, we have to admit that on the surface, the shape of the human body is indeed composed and determined by proteins (proteins are the embodiment of all life activities, and different traits are embodied through different proteins).

So in the final analysis, what determines protein? As you probably know, they are genetically determined (based on the formation of specific proteins through transcription and translation).

The main reason for this error is that RNA is not directly determinant, it is only an intermediary.

Hope it helps.

I don't know how to explain it, it's generally the topic of gene expression, there must be a hint in the book, I remember the definition of gene expression and I have already told the answer to this question, but for several years, I don't remember.

Genes directly control the traits of an organism (direct cause) by controlling the structure of proteins

It should be the original words in the book, the control of genes over shape: one is to directly control the synthesis of proteins and control the shape. The second is that genes control protein synthesis through the synthesis of RNA!

RNA only plays the role of the first two in the middle, but it is very important. The most direct expression of shape from the genetic aspect is through the protein structure!

Genes directly control traits by controlling protein synthesis. Genes control metabolic processes by controlling the synthesis of enzymes, and thus traits.

The difference is that the substances controlled are different, controlled through proteins and enzymes. The methods of control are different, direct and indirect.

The Central RuleThe discovery of genetically controlled traits

In 1953, although no evidence of a "heterocatalytic" mechanism had been found, one could still rely on the DNA double helix structure.

to envision how DNA guides the synthesis of other molecules. Each strand of DNA can be used as a template to form an intermediary molecule that can carry information, and this basal brother intermediary molecule may be RNA.

RNA produced using DNA as a template carries genetic information from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it directs the synthesis of specific proteins. What's more, Watson and Crick proposed: the DNA molecule.

A base (or nucleotide) on any one of the chains.

The sequence contains specific genetic information that can be translated into amino acids that are determined on proteins.

Order. There is a group of enzymes in viruses, which is reverse transcriptase.

With this enzyme, RNA can be used as a template for DNA synthesis. Oncogenic RNA viruses.

This enzyme is relied on to form single-stranded DNA, which is then replicated into double-stranded DNA, and the formed DNA can then be transcribed to produce viral RNA.

Does a gene transmit only one trait.

The answer is no. The formation of any organ or physical trait does not depend solely on a single gene, but on a combination of genes. For example, there are at least 20 genes that play a role in the color of eyes, hair, and **.

At the same time, a gene can also be involved in the transmission of multiple traits.

Perhaps, we should be thankful for this complexity. It is for this reason that no researchers have yet created humans from the information model of the laboratory. Even the most advanced programs cannot be compared with the laws of genetics.

a. One gene can control one trait, and one trait can also be controlled by multiple genes, a is wrong;

B. Normally, genes and traits are one-to-one correspondence, but there is a trait controlled by multiple genes or a gene controlling multiple traits, that is, there is a phenomenon of multiple effects of one gene and one effect of multiple genes, b is wrong;

c. Gene control traits by controlling protein synthesis is one of the ways for genes to control traits (direct control), c is correct;

d. The traits of organisms are determined by genes and the environment, and two plants living in the same environment have the same trait, then the genes that control the trait in the two plants may be the same or may be different, d is wrong

Therefore, c

1. Genes control metabolic processes by controlling the synthesis of enzymes, and then control biological traits;

2. Genes directly control the traits of organisms by guiding the synthesis of proteins, controlling the structure of proteins.

The main processes of gene expression are the transcription of genes and the translation of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Gene regulation mainly occurs at 3 levels, namely:

control of DNA modification levels, regulation of RNA transcription, and mRNA translation processes;

Microorganisms can change their metabolism to adapt to changes in the environment through gene regulation, which is generally transient and reversible;

Gene regulation in multicellular organisms underlies cell differentiation, morphogenesis, and ontogeny, and is generally long-term and often irreversible. The study of gene regulation has a wide range of biological significance, and is an important research field of genesis and molecular genetics.