How many types of swamps are there? What is a swamp

At high latitudes, typical bogs often show a certain development process: with the gradual accumulation of peat, the mineral nutrients in the substrate change from more to less, while the surface morphology tends to be uplifted from low-lying to uplifting, and the plants change accordingly. The development process of marshes is from low to high stage, so there are rich swamps (low swamps), medium swamps (medium swamps) and poor swamps (high swamps).

Among them, the low-level swamp, the median swamp, and the high-level swamp are divided according to the ** of water in the swamp soil. Zoige Marsh Rich bog (low marsh): is the initial stage of swamp development.

The surface of the swamp is low-lying and often serves as a source of surface runoff and groundwater pooling. The water source is mainly groundwater, and a large number of minerals are extracted with the water flow belt, which is rich in nutrients and has a high ash content. The pH of water and peat is acidic to neutral, and some are alkaline due to the influence of the bedrock at the bottom of the soil.

For example, the peat in the Ruoergai swamp in northwest Sichuan Province in China is alkaline, because the bedrock in this area is mostly gray shale and limestone interbedded, and the pH value is mostly about 8. The plants in the rich swamp are mainly mosses, reeds, pine grasses, horsetails, alders, willows, birches, larch, larch pines, water pines, etc. Leuponty swamps (high marshes):

It is often the final stage of swamp development. With the development of the swamp, the peat moss grows, the peat layer thickens, and the middle part of the swamp is uplifted, which is higher than the surrounding area, so it is called a high swamp or uplift swamp. The water source is recharged only by atmospheric precipitation, and the water and peat are strongly acidic, with a pH value of 3.

The ash content is low and the nutrition is poor, hence the name. The swamp plants are mainly bryophytes and small shrubs with euphoria, bilberry and herbaceous cotton sedge, especially with sphagnum moss as the advantage, forming tall moss mounds, so the poor swamp is also called sphagnum moss swamp. Mesotrophic marsh (median marsh):

It is a transitional type between the above, fed by rainwater mixed with surface water, and has a medium trophic status. There are rich swamp plants and poor swamp plants. There are many bryophytes, but moss mounds have not yet formed, and the surface morphology is flat, which is called median marsh or transitional marsh.

Since the soil of marshland is divided into peat soil and latent soil, swamps can be divided into two categories: peat bogs and latent bogs. In addition, according to the vegetation growth, the swamp can be divided into herbaceous bog, peat moss bog and woody bog. The woody swamp is the median swamp:

It is mainly distributed in the temperate zone, and the vegetation is mainly woody nutrient plants, which are divided into arbor swamps and shrub swamps, and the dominant plants are Euphoria, Birch and Salix. Herbaceous swamp: It is a typical low-level swamp, with many types, wide distribution, perennial water accumulation or soil moisture, dominated by bryophytes and grasses, almost all perennial plants, many plants have rhizomes, often interwoven into thick grass root layer or floating felt layer, such as reeds and some moss swamps, dominant plants have mosses, followed by reeds, cattails.

Sphagnum moss bogs are high marshes, mainly distributed in the northern coniferous forest belt, due to the watery, cold and nutrient-poor habitats, sphagnum moss has become the dominant plant, and a few herbaceous, dwarf shrubs and trees can live in the peat moss bogs, such as sheep's beard grass, lingonberry, larch, etc., the dominant plant is the sphagnum moss.

1. Marshland refers to land where the surface is often too wet or has a thin layer of water, where wet plants or swamp plants grow, and where the soil is seriously enlarged or where peat is formed and accumulated.

2. It is different from lakes, wet meadows and forests, and is a special type of land.

3. Marshland is formed through long-term evolution under the conditions of relatively flat or low-lying terrain, sufficient water supply, and lush growth of aquatic and moisture-loving plants.

The world's swamps are mainly found in Asia, among which Siberia.

The area is the largest in Europe and North America.

There are parts of the swamp. China's swamps are mainly distributed in the Northeast Sanjiang Plain, the Greater and Lesser Xing'an Mountains, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

as well as some alpine areas.

The vegetation in the swampy areas is dominated by moisture-loving herbaceae, mainly sedges, mosses and sphagnum mosses. Crops do not grow in the swamps, and some of them have bottomless mud underneath them, which look like a plush green carpet that one can sink into as soon as one steps on it. This is how many Red Army soldiers died in the swamps.

For this reason, people call it the 'Green Trap'. More and more marshlands are now being converted into fertile fields.

The surface and subsurface soils are often over-moistened, and wet and swampy plants grow on the surface, and there is peat accumulation or no peat accumulation but there is a latent layer. Its formation depends mainly on geomorphological conditions and hydrothermal conditions. According to the development stage, it can be divided into low, medium and high marshes, that is, eutrophic, mesotrophic and poor trophic swamps.

According to the geomorphological conditions, it can be divided into mountain swamp, plateau swamp and plain swamp. According to the presence or absence of peat, it can be divided into peat bog and latent bog. [1] The swamp area of the world is about 10,000 square kilometers, and the swamp area of China is 110,000 square kilometers, with the Sanjiang Plain, the Greater and Lesser Xing'an Mountains and the Changbai Mountain marsh being the most, followed by the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the rest are scattered.

1. There are a large number of hygrophilic and water-loving marsh plants growing in the swamp. Due to the abundance of water, the soil of the swamp lacks oxygen, and under anaerobic conditions, the plants decompose slowly after mildew, showing a semi-decomposed state, and eventually form peat, coupled with the accumulation of a large amount of sediment, it will gradually evolve into a swamp.

2. In some plateaus and mountains, because the ground is covered with snow for a long time, the snow glaciers melt in the spring and summer of the following year, forming a large amount of stagnant water, making a large area of short bryophytes hybrid, and can also form swamps.

3. In the vast forest area, a large number of trees continue to accumulate litter, when the rain falls, the thick fallen leaves accumulate a large amount of rainwater, blocking the evaporation of soil moisture, so that the soil remains in an excessively moist state. At the same time, due to the long-term erosion of rain, some flowers and trees have disappeared, so that a large number of bryophytes have multiplied. Plants such as mosses absorb and retain large amounts of water, so swamps gradually form as well.

The swamp is generally because the surface is too wet, and swamp plants grow, these plants continue to grow and die, and a large number of decaying plant remains continue to accumulate into peat, but in the lower latitudes where the river water is shallow and slow, it will also produce stagnant water, and aquatic plants grow quickly and become swamps. In coastal lowlands, due to repeated inundation by seawater, water evaporation is less than precipitation, resulting in overgrown weeds and salt marshes. On the Tibetan Plateau, swamps can also be formed due to the snow in winter and the melting of the following spring, and the water on the ground, and the growth of short grass along with moss.