How to judge what kind of structural form the building is from the appearance

Frame structure dwelling refers to the dwelling made of reinforced concrete poured into load-bearing beams and columns, and then assembled by prefabricated aerated concrete, expanded perlite, pumice, vermiculite, ceramsite and other lightweight plate partition walls. It is suitable for large-scale industrial construction, with high efficiency and good project quality.

Brick-concrete dwelling The brick-concrete structure is a load-bearing structure with a small part of reinforced concrete and most of the brick walls. The term "brick" in brick-concrete housing refers to a building material of uniform size. There are also other sizes of special-shaped clay bricks, such as hollow bricks, etc.

"Mixed" refers to the reinforced concrete fittings prepared by rebar, cement, sand and water in a certain proportion, including floor slabs, lintels, stairs, balconies, and eaves, which are combined with load-bearing walls made of bricks, which can be called brick-concrete structure houses. Due to the requirements of earthquake resistance, brick and concrete houses are generally below 5 to 6 floors.

Steel-concrete structure dwelling.

The structural material of this type of dwelling is reinforced concrete, i.e., a mixture of rebar, cement, coarse and fine aggregate (crushed stone), water, etc. The house with this structure has the advantages of good seismic performance, strong integrity, strong corrosion resistance, durability, etc., and the room is relatively large in terms of opening and depth, and the space division is relatively free. At present, this structure is mostly used in many and high-rise residential buildings.

Its disadvantage is that the process is more complex and the construction cost is higher.

Generally, most of the multi-storey ones are brick-concrete, and the high-rise ones are framed.

Generally speaking, buildings can be divided into four categories in terms of structure: 1. Brick and wood structure (residential): refers to the use of bricks or blocks for the walls and columns of the vertical load-bearing structure in the building, and the wood structure for floor slabs and roof trusses; 2. Brick-concrete structure (residential):

The walls and columns of the vertical load-bearing structure in the building are made of bricks or blocks, and the columns, beams, floor slabs, and roof panels are made of reinforced concrete. In layman's terms, brick-concrete structures are load-bearing with a small part of reinforced concrete and most of the brick walls; 3. Reinforced concrete (residential): refers to the main load-bearing structures in the building, such as walls, columns, beams, floors, floors, roof panels, etc., which are made of reinforced concrete, and the non-load-bearing walls are filled with bricks or other materials.

This structure has good seismic performance, strong integrity, strong fire resistance, durability and corrosion resistance; 4. Steel structure (residential): refers to the main load-bearing structure in the building made of steel. Suitable for super high-rise buildings.

The lowest dead weight.

— Brick-concrete structure.

Residences are generally below 8 floors, and there are no pillars in the corners. There are no beams protruding above the wall, and the beams are as wide as the wall. The walls are thicker, and some walls are larger than 240mm.

There are not many windows and the openings are not large. ——The prefabricated house has the characteristics of the brick-concrete structure, and the floor slab is soft, and there is an obvious sense of vibration when the large slab jumps, and the ceiling.

There are obvious horizontal straight cracks that are unmistakable. - Frame structure.

Generally, houses below 12 floors have obvious column yang angles at the corners of the walls, the beams are wider than the walls, the walls are thinner and generally 200mm, the bays are larger, and the windows and openings are many and large.

According to the different types of buildings, they can be divided into four categories: brick and wood structure, brick concrete structure, reinforced concrete structure and steel structure.

1. Brick and wood structure: Buildings with brick walls, brick columns, and wooden roof trusses as the main load-bearing structure, like most rural houses, temples, etc. This structure is simple to build, the materials are easy to prepare, and the cost is low.

2. Brick-concrete structure: Brick wall or brick column, reinforced concrete floor slab and roof load-bearing components are the main load-bearing structure of the building, which is the largest construction volume and the most common structure type in residential construction. 3. Reinforced concrete structure, that is, the main load-bearing components including beams, slabs and columns are all made of reinforced concrete structure, and this type of structure is mainly used for large public buildings, industrial buildings and high-rise residences.

In reinforced concrete buildings, there are frame structures, frame-shear wall structures, frame-tube structures, etc. At present, high-rise residential buildings with about 25-30 floors usually adopt a frame-shear wall structure. 4. The main load-bearing components of the steel structure are all made of steel, which is light in weight and can build ultra-high skyscrapers; It can also be made into a large-span, high-net space, especially suitable for large public buildings.

- Frame shear structure is generally 10 25 floors, very similar to the frame, the wall of the lower floor is generally greater than 200mm, and some positions can not open large holes. - The shear wall structure is generally 15 to 30 floors, similar to the frame, but there is no column angle. -- Bottom frame structure of this kind of house due to the poor seismic performance of the house Xiamen City has been expressly prohibited, but in the purchase of second-hand housing will also be encountered, so be particularly careful, this kind of structure under the 1 2 floors have frame characteristics, the above has the characteristics of brick and concrete, generally 6 floors below the common.

- Brick-concrete structure house-like 8-storey corner of the column, the corner wall has no beams, the beam protrudes from the beam, the wall is wider than the wall, the wall is thicker than the 240mm window, and the prefabricated panel house brick-concrete structure characteristics, and the floor slab is softer, the central jump is obvious, the vibration board is obvious, the horizontal straight crack is determined to be suspicious, the frame structure is like a 12-storey house, the corner of the wall is obvious, the column and the yang corner beam is wider than the wall, the wall is thinner, and the wall is 200mm, and the window hole is.

At present, there are mainly the following structural types of industrial and civil buildings in China:

1) Brick-concrete structure:

It is a building structure composed of load-bearing walls made of bricks or load-bearing blocks, cast-in-place or prefabricated reinforced concrete floor slabs. It is mostly used to build low-rise or multi-storey residential buildings. (The old houses in the past basically belonged to this category).

2) Frame structure:

The main skeleton load-bearing structure composed of beams and columns, the floor slab is generally cast-in-place concrete, and the wall is infill wall. It is mostly used to build medium and high-rise buildings. (Most of the new multi-storey small high-rise buildings belong to this category).

3) Frame-shear wall structure:

It is a structure that bears both vertical and horizontal action by a shear wall and a frame, also known as a frame seismic wall structure. The difference between frame seismic wall structure and frame structure is to increase the stiffness and integrity of the building, turning a part of the infill wall that is not stressed in the frame structure into a reinforced concrete wall that bears wind and ** horizontal loads. Mostly used to build.

Construction of mid-rise and high-rise buildings.

4) Shear wall structure:

It is a structure composed of shear walls that bear vertical and horizontal forces, also known as seismic wall structures.

The walls and floor slabs of the shear wall structure that are subjected to vertical and horizontal loads are all cast-in-situ reinforced concrete. It is mostly used to build medium and high-rise buildings.

5) Steel structure:

The beams, columns, and floor slabs are all made of steel, and the walls are made of thin metal sheets filled with lightweight insulation materials. Therefore, it is light and can be used to build super high-rise buildings. (The World Trade Center in the United States and the early high-rise buildings in the United States are in this form, and the building in Guangzhou or the mobile world is also a high-rise steel structure).

6) Light steel structure:

The beams, columns, and roof trusses of the building are composed of highly simplified steel components, and the construction speed is fast, which is suitable for building low-rise and multi-storey industrial and civil buildings.

The steel structure of the workshop we see is basically this kind of shop

By recognizing the concepts of the above structures, it is basically possible to distinguish them.

Moreover, it can be recognized from the construction drawings.

For details, please refer to the Structure Specification.

Reinforced concrete in frame structures.

Brick and wood structure (residential): refers to the vertical load-bearing structure of the building, the walls and columns are made of bricks or blocks, and the floor slabs, roof trusses and other wooden structures are used.

Brick-concrete structure (residential): The walls and columns of the vertical load-bearing structure in the building are made of bricks or blocks, and the columns, beams, floor slabs, roof panels, etc. are made of reinforced concrete. In layman's terms, brick-concrete structures are load-bearing with a small part of reinforced concrete and most of the brick walls;

Reinforced concrete (residential): refers to the main load-bearing structures in the building, such as walls, columns, beams, floor slabs, floors, roof panels, etc., made of reinforced concrete, and non-load-bearing walls filled with bricks or other materials. This structure has good seismic performance, strong integrity, strong fire resistance, durability and corrosion resistance;

Steel structure (residential): refers to the main load-bearing structure in the building made of steel. Suitable for super high-rise buildings. The lowest dead weight.

The frame structure is composed of beams, slabs, and columns, and the walls are only used for separation and thermal insulation.

The shear wall structure is composed of beams, plates, and walls to form a building load-bearing structure, and part of the wall is stressed in the structure.

There are six categories of building structures:

1. Steel structure: The main load-bearing structure is built with steel materials, including suspension structure. Such as steel workshops, large stadiums, etc.

2. Steel and reinforced concrete structures: The main load-bearing structures are built with steel and reinforced concrete. For example, part of the beams and columns of a house are made of steel, and some of the beams and columns are built of reinforced concrete.

3. Reinforced concrete structure: The main load-bearing structure is built with reinforced concrete, including shell structure, cast-in-situ structure of large formwork and reinforced concrete constructed by advanced construction methods such as sliding form lifting plate.

4. Mixed structure: The main load-bearing structure is built with reinforced concrete and bricks and wood. For example, the beams of a house are made of reinforced concrete, with brick walls as load-bearing walls, or the beams are made of wood and the columns are made of reinforced concrete.

The prefabricated reinforced concrete trabecular sheet is mixed with the second class, and the others are mixed with the first class.

5. Brick and wood structure: The main load-bearing structure is built with bricks and wood, such as a house is built with wooden roof trusses, brick walls and wooden columns. The gables and front transverse walls on both sides of the house (referring to a row or a building, the same below) are of more than one brick thick, and the bricks and wood are of the first grade;

The gables on both sides of the house are more than one brick, the thickness of the front transverse wall is half a brick, a slab wall, a false wall or other single wall, the thickness of the gable of the wing house is one brick, and the front wall of the wing house and the front wall of the main house are less than one brick for the second class of bricks and wood; The gables on both sides of the house are load-bearing with wooden frames, filled with semi-brick walls or other false walls, or brick walls, wooden roof trusses, tile roofs, and bamboo trusses are composed of brick and wood thirds.

6. Other structures: All building structures that do not belong to the above structures are classified into this category.