The difference between propeller era aircraft and modern aircraft

Let me give you a simple one:

First of all, don't call it a "propeller" plane, call it a "piston" plane; Modern airplanes are called "jet" planes, and their most intuitive difference is the speed, and jets are much faster than piston planes.

Piston airplanes are airplanes that use internal combustion engines, and the principle of jet aircraft engines is that the air intake at the head of the aircraft is sucked in, heated by the engine, turned into hot air, and sprayed backwards to gain power.

The second is the appearance, and for the reasons above, jets can't use the power layout of a piston plane, which means that today's planes tend to be streamlined, and the wings are swept back.

The third is** piston aircraft due to the limitation of power, the load is limited, and it is necessary to ensure protection and to ensure that it is lethal on board**, so the aircraft at that time mostly used machine guns or cannons, and there were no missiles that could be used at that time, because they had not yet been invented.

With the development of missile and computer technology, guidance technology, fire control technology, and radar technology, today's fighter jets have independent radar, electronic warfare equipment, and air-to-air, air-to-surface, and air-to-ship missiles for short-range and long-range combat, and can carry a variety of conventional ammunition and even nuclear ammunition.

Fourth, due to the wide variety of ** and speed, the fighting style has changed from pure melee combat in the piston aircraft era to over-the-horizon combat in the jet era.

Fifth, the current air combat has also undergone tremendous changes due to the change of aircraft, and the radar used on the ground is now used as an "early warning aircraft" in the air

There's a lot more, I may not be professional enough, but if it helps you, don't forget to add points.

Modern aircraft are mainly jets.

The principle of the airplane branch is to generate a backward thrust air current, which reacts on the aircraft, causing the aircraft to produce a forward force.

Propeller aircraft mainly use piston engines to drive the propellers to rotate, creating backward airflow.

There are two types of engines in modern aircraft, the early turbojet type (abbreviated as "turbojet") and the popular turbofan type (abbreviated as "turbofan").

Turbojet engines rely on fuel to burn violently in the combustion chamber, and the gas expands, producing backward gas.

The turbofan engine relies on the fuel to burn violently in the combustion chamber, driving the central shaft of the engine, which has dense fans on the shaft, and the central shaft rotates, and the inhaled air is compressed due to the spiral track on the central shaft, and the compressed gas is released and expanded in another chamber in the engine, which pushes the fan to rotate and produce backward airflow.

A little bit of fur, high fingers are right.

The differences between propeller planes and jet planes are as follows:

1. There is a difference in speed.

Jet planes are faster than propeller planes, and jet engines use jet engines that make the aircraft fly forward through the recoil action of the high-speed back-jet of gases produced when the fuel is burned, allowing the aircraft to gain more thrust and faster flight speed.

2. There are differences in stability.

Jet engines are more stable than propeller engines, which directly generate counterthrust through the high-velocity jet flow of the nozzles, while propeller engines convert the engine's rotational power into propulsion or lift through the rotation of the blades in the air.

3. There is a difference in thrust.

Jet aircraft have more thrust than propeller aircraft. Propeller planes come in the form of a lot of low-speed airflow, while another jet comes in the form of extremely high-speed airflow.

4. There are differences in energy saving.

Jet planes are more economical (with less fuel consumption) than propeller planes. Jet aircraft use kerosene as fuel, and their engines work differently than piston engines, and their combustion process is not intermittent. After the fuel is ignited, it can burn until the engine stalls, so the fuel does not need to have good evaporation.

First, the principle of flight is different.

Turboprop aircraft use turboprop engines, which mainly rely on the propeller to provide pull and jet reaction to provide thrust, and in essence, it is a jet engine. But in fact, it is a hybrid engine with propeller thrust as the main force and jet thrust as the supplement. The ability of a turboprop aircraft to take off is the result of a combination of these two thrusts.

The propeller aircraft uses a piston engine, which is consistent with the working principle of the internal combustion engine of the car, and the main loss is divided into four processes: air sales, compression, expansion and exhaust, which drives the piston crank to rotate while the engine moves, thereby driving the propeller to rotate. Propeller planes are able to take off by relying only on the lift generated by the rotation of the propellers.

Second, the use of fuel is different.

Turboprop aircraft use aviation kerosene, and its requirements are so strict that almost no other kind of fuel can be used. Propeller aircraft mainly run on gasoline, but diesel can also be used, and their fuel requirements are not as strict as those of turboprop aircraft.

The exterior layout of the engine and exhaust channel is different.

Turboprop engines used in turboprop aircraft are generally long, and their exhaust holes are generally arranged backwards. The engine of the propeller aircraft is relatively short, and the location of its exhaust holes has no special requirements, so we can see that the exhaust holes of the propeller aircraft are arbitrarily arranged.

The term "propeller" aircraft itself is not very clear, there are many kinds of aircraft with propellers, turboprop aircraft are one type, manpower and solar aircraft also use propeller propulsion, and there is also a turbofan engine propulsion aircraft - An-70 also uses propeller propulsion. The traditional "propeller" aircraft refers to an aircraft powered by a piston engine, and the following is the difference between an aircraft powered by a piston engine and a turboprop engine.

From the point of view of the working principle:

A turboprop engine is a type of jet engine, in which a gas turbine engine provides pulling power from a propeller and thrust from jet reaction. It is a hybrid engine with a propeller-based and jet-supplemented engine. In a turboprop engine, the power emitted by the turbine is greater than the power required by the compressor, and the rest is driven by the reducer, which is called the power turbine, and the gas at the outlet of the turbine is expanded and accelerated in the nozzle to produce reaction thrust.

The cruising speed of the power turbine is generally in the range of 10,000-15,000 rpm, the speed of the propeller is 1,000-2,000 rpm, and the reduction ratio of the reducer is generally in the range of 10-15. The working principle of the engine is shown in the figure.

Piston engines work in the same way as other internal combustion engines, such as automobile engines. It is mainly the piston in the engine cylinder that completes the four processes of suction, compression, expansion and exhaust successively, so that the crankshaft rotates and drives the propeller to rotate. In the case of the most typical radial aero engine, the working situation is like this:

In terms of fuel, the turboprop engine uses jet fuel, and the piston engine uses mainly gasoline (diesel is also used, but the number is very small). ）

In appearance, piston engines are relatively short, and turboprop engines are generally longer, which can be seen from the working principle. The piston engine exhaust port can be arranged arbitrarily, and the turboprop engine exhaust port is generally arranged backwards.

There is a big difference in appearance, performance, and stability, that is, the turbo is much, much better than the propeller.

Turboprops are much higher than propellers in terms of speed and load.

Fundamentally, it is the power system, and what is higher is the structure, bomb load, ceiling, maneuverability, and various indicators, but the cost-effectiveness ratio and economy are not as high as those of propeller aircraft.

The most advanced propeller aircraft currently is the European A400M transport aircraft.

A400M is a new generation of military transport aircraft designed, developed and produced by Europe, and it is also the largest joint research and development project cooperated by EU countries. Deliveries of the military transport aircraft were originally scheduled for October 2009, but the final delivery was scheduled for the first quarter of 2013.

In order to meet a series of requirements put forward by European countries for A400M military transport aircraft, the designers not only carefully designed the overall layout, cargo compartment structure and loading and unloading system, but also adopted a "wide-body" design to increase the cargo compartment volume and loading efficiency, and improved the structural robustness, mission adaptability and short take-off and landing performance, and also adopted the fly-by-wire control system and cockpit design of the Airbus civil airliner. The European A400M transport aircraft made extensive use of synthetic materials in the manufacturing process (the British company GKN Aerospace was responsible for the manufacture of complex carbon synthetic spards for the A400M), and its payload significantly exceeded that of the existing American C 160 and C 130 large transport aircraft. The aircraft has a high-suspension landing device, which can complete take-off and landing in short distances; The aircraft also has the ability to cruise at high speed over long distances and can perform long-distance mobile transportation tasks.

Poseidon anti-submarine aircraft (P3C) is the main anti-submarine aircraft of the United States. Hawkeye AWACS (E2C) is the world's only carrier-based AWACS aircraft. European transport aircraft (A400) is a new generation of transport aircraft with high economy. Other areas will not be listed.

The A-29 "Super Tucano" turboprop attack aircraft, developed by Embraer Security Company, is an attack aircraft with excellent performance, which has excellent performance in anti-terrorism, anti-narcotics and anti-smuggling, and has been well received in service in Brazil, Colombia and other countries.

Whether an aircraft has a propeller or not is determined according to the type of engine of the aircraft, and the nest jet, that is, the turbojet aircraft does not have a propeller, and the turbofan engine does not have a propeller.

Not every aircraft has propellers.

Nowadays, basically civil airliners do not have propellers, and only early passenger planes, warplanes, and small private jets have propellers.

At present, the engines of civil airliners are mainly turbofan engines, and there are very few turbojet engines.

Not every aircraft has propellers.

1. Large and medium-sized jets do not have propellers, such as Boeing and other models, Airbus and other models.

2. Only small light commercial aircraft may have propellers, but the speed is slower. Faster fighter jets, supersonic aircraft, also do not have propellers.

The propulsion of modern aircraft has the following concentrations:

1: Internal combustion engine + propeller.

This is now mainly used for low-speed small aircraft, such as Cessna, Cirrus 2: turboprop, which is very versatile, such as regional airliners, small and medium-sized transport aircraft, typical such as C-2, C-130, An-12, C-160

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Domestic Y-7

Y-8, Y-12

Patrol aircraft such as: S-2

P-3, Il-14, Il-18, Tu-142, etc.3: Jets are further divided into, turbofans and turbojets.

4: Propeller fan propulsion: This propulsion mode is between the turbofan and the turboprop, and the typical model is AN-705:

Turboshaft engine: The modified engine is mainly used for the Nord-1405 interceptor and Nord-1500 interceptor that France has experimented with liquid ramjet engine propulsion, and the United States also uses ramjet engines in the laboratory X51.

Modern aircraft engines mainly include turbojet engines, turbofan engines and turboprop engines, as well as other piston engines (used in small low-speed aircraft and most UAVs), electric motors (some experimental power gliders), and turboshaft engines (used in ***).

Turbine engines work by using high-pressure gases produced after fuel combustion as a power source, and then propelling the aircraft forward in different ways. Its structure is usually as follows: compressor, combustion chamber, turbine blades, jet pipes, etc.

The compressor draws the air from the front and pressurizes it, which is then fed into the combustion chamber. When the fuel and high-pressure air are mixed in the combustion chamber, high-pressure gas is produced, which is ejected from the vent and pushes the turbine blades behind to rotate. The turbine blades, on the other hand, continue to draw in air through the compressor in front of the bearing.

Finally, the exhaust gases are sprayed out of the engine from the jet pipe.

Turbojet engines (turbojet engines) use combustion exhaust gases as working fluids (substances that propel aircraft forward) to directly propel aircraft forward. This kind of engine principle is relatively simple and powerful, but the fuel consumption is high and the components are worn out. It is generally used in small and medium-sized high-speed aircraft such as fighter jets.

The turbofan engine (referred to as the "turbofan engine") uses the turbojet engine as the core engine, and adds a low-pressure compressor in front of the turbojet engine, so that the turbojet engine drives the compressor to suck in air. However, most of this low-pressure (as opposed to the high-pressure air inside the turbojet engine) air does not enter the turbojet engine, but is ejected directly out of the engine through an outer duct (the annular space between the engine casing and the core). Its working fluid is a mixture of ordinary air and combustion exhaust gas.

This kind of engine has a complex structure and relatively low power, but the fuel consumption is also lower than that of turbojet engines. Generally used in large subsonic aircraft.

Turboprop engines (turboprop engines) also use turbojet engines as the core engine, and the principle is the same as that of turbofan engines, but its low-pressure compressor is not enclosed in the engine shell. Instead, use the simplest propellers. The working fluid is pure air.

This engine has lower thrust and is limited by the aerodynamic characteristics of the propeller, resulting in lower speed and, of course, lower fuel consumption. Basically used for lower-speed mid-size aircraft.

By the way: there is another one called a "ramjet engine". This engine is special and has a very simple structure.

It has no compressors, no turbine blades, and not even rotating parts. It's like putting a combustion chamber in an iron pipe. It has strong thrust and can be used in hypersonic vehicles such as missiles.

But the fuel consumption is staggering, and it has to be started at more than double the speed of sound.