What are the characteristics of international trade in the capitalist period?

The characteristics of the international ** in the capitalist period can be summarized as follows:

1.Rapid expansion: During the capitalist period, the global economy developed rapidly, and the international volume also achieved unprecedented growth.

2.The commodity structure is constantly changing: with the development of science and technology and production technology, the commodity structure of the first commodity is constantly changing, and industrial products are gradually replacing agricultural products as the main first commodity.

3.Change of mode: During the period of capitalism, there was a gradual shift from bartering to money exchange.

4.The degree of specialization continues to improve: with the improvement of productivity and the refinement of the division of labor, the main body of the first activity gradually tends to be specialized.

5.Increasingly specialized organizations: The international organization is gradually becoming more professional, including the rise of chambers of commerce, companies and other institutions, which provides better organization and management for the international community.

6.Treaties between countries have gradually developed: In order to promote international development, various treaties and agreements have gradually developed between countries to promote international standardization and development.

7.Based on the international division of labor: During the capitalist period, the international division of labor began to be based on the international division of labor with the nature of capitalist production relations, which promoted the development of the global economy.

8.Modernization of material and technical means: With the development of science and technology, the world's most advanced material and technical means have gradually been modernized, including the modernization of transportation, communications, finance, etc., which has provided better technical support and services for the world.

9.Fierce competition: With the rapid development of the world, the competition between countries is becoming increasingly fierce, especially in the international market, the competition between enterprises is very fierce.

In short, the international market in the capitalist period is characterized by rapid expansion of scale, continuous changes in commodity structure, changes in methods, continuous improvement of specialization, increasingly specialized organizational structures, gradual development of treaties between countries, based on the international division of labor, modernization of material and technical means, and unprecedented fierce competition. These characteristics have had a profound impact on the development of the global economy and the world.

When capitalism reaches a certain stage of development, thanks to the development of science, the capitalist countries begin to produce ** with the developing countries, export manufactured goods, import primary products, and plunder resources peacefully from the developing countries. Intra-industry is adopted between capitalist countries, and inter-industry is adopted between capitalist countries and developing countries. Although many developing countries now want to try to change this pattern, they are unable to do so because the absolute power of science is in the hands of developed countries.

International** is characterized by being European-centric and then expanding to all continents.

Legal Analysis: In the 17th and 18th centuries, when England and France flourished as new capitalist industrial countries, the intellectual elite of these countries presented policy proposals in the form of policy proposals dedicated to the state (the deficit was usually the king). The conclusion of their policy is:

1) In order to make the country rich and strong, it is necessary to protect and develop the country's manufacturing industry (including tariffs, quotas, administrative measures, and exchange rate methods). (2) In order to make foreign countries unable to make profits from their own countries, it is necessary to support a strong country and use national power to protect its own market and prevent competition from foreign manufactured products.

Legal basis: "Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Affairs" Article 1 This Law is formulated in order to expand opening to the outside world, develop foreign affairs, maintain order in foreign affairs, protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign business operators, and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.

2. Free competition capitalism.

period of foreign ** policy.

1. Britain's liberal policy.

1) The theory of freedom **.

Formation: Began with the physiocratism of France and ended with classical political economy.

Representative figures: Quenet, Hugh, Smith, Ricardo.

Wait. Theoretical Points:

Clause. 1. Freedom can form a mutually beneficial international division of labor;

Clause. 2. Freedom** can increase national wealth;

Clause. 3. Freedom** can reduce national consumption expenditure;

Clause. Fourth, freedom can strengthen competition and improve economic efficiency.

Clause. Fifth, freedom is conducive to improving profit margins.

Promote capital accumulation.

2) The reason for the implementation of freedom** in the United Kingdom.

Clause. 1. Industrial Revolution.

development requires the acquisition of cheap industrial raw materials and food from abroad;

Clause. Second, the development of the industrial revolution requires that manufactured products can be freely exported abroad;

Clause. Third, the industrial revolution has made the British mechanism products have unrivaled competition.

3) The UK's measures to promote a liberal ** policy.

Clause. 1. Abolish the Corn Law and the Navigation Law;

Clause. 2. Gradually reduce the tariff rate and reduce the number of taxable goods;

Clause. 3. Cancellation of privileged companies;

Clause. Fourth, to change the policy towards the colonies;

Clause. 5. Signing a series of treaties on mutual tariff reduction with foreign countries.

2. The protection policies of the United States and Germany.

1) The practice of U.S. protection** policy.

Hamilton. The pot pot is a pot of ǜ鏀.

Justification for the imposition of protective duties on foreign goods.

Clause. 1. Political justification: increase national tax revenues and strengthen the federation**.

status; Clause.

2. Economic justification: protection of the country's infant industries.

Clause. Third, the tariff rate has been gradually raised.

2) Germany's protection** policy.

the practice of the German Protection** policy;

Liszt. The main content of the doctrine of protection of infantile industry:

Clause. 1. Theory of the stages of economic development

a Primitive uncivilized period;

b Pastoral period;

c Agricultural period; (Exercise freedom**).

d Agro-industrial period; (Exercise of protection**).

e Agricultural and industrial period. (Exercise freedom**).

Clause. 2. Object and time of protection.

a Object of protection: refers to infant industries in the early stages of development in which there are strong foreign competitors. (Agriculture and infant industry in general do not need protection).

c. Means of protection: protection of infant industries by prohibiting importation or imposing high tariffs; Duty-free or light import duties are levied.

ways to encourage the import of complex machines.