What are the pathogen transmission routes?

Air, saliva, blood, baths, sweat, pets carrying pathogens, in short, objects that can come into contact with pathogens!

The main routes of pathogen transmission are airborne transmission, water transmission, dietary transmission, contact transmission and biological vector transmission.

1. The pathogenic ability of the pathogen.

1) Invasiveness refers to the ability of pathogens to invade and spread within the body.

Some pathogens, such as Leptospira, can invade the body directly.

Some bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae, need to adhere to the surface of the intestinal membrane before they can settle down to produce enterotoxins or cause infection. The surface components of some bacteria (e.g., VI antigen of Typhoid bacillus) have the ability to inhibit phagocytosis and promote the spread of pathogens.

2) Virulence: Virulence is made up of toxins and other virulence factors.

Toxins include exotoxins and endotoxins. The former is represented by diphtheria, tetanus, and enterotoxins. The latter is represented by lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacilli.

a.Exotoxins work by binding to receptors in target organs and entering the cell.

b.Endotoxins work by activating monocyte-macrophages to release cytokines.

c.Other virulence factors include penetration (hookworm filaria), invasion (dysentery bacillus), and tissue lysis (Entamoeba histolytica).

3) Quantity Within the same infectious disease, the number of invading pathogens is generally proportional to the pathogenic capacity.

The minimum number of pathogens that can cause the occurrence of diseases varies greatly among different infectious diseases, for example, in typhoid fever there are 100,000 bacteria and Shigella dysentery is only 10.

4) Variability Pathogens can mutate due to environmental or genetic factors.

In general, in the environment of multiple passages of artificial culture, the pathogenicity of pathogens can be reduced, such as Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG); Repeated transmission between hosts can increase pathogenicity, such as pneumonic plague. Antigenic variants in pathogens can evade the body's specific immune effects and continue to cause illness (e.g., influenza).

Emergence of drug resistance.

The route of transmission is the process by which the pathogen is excreted from the infectious agent, stays in the external environment, and then invades the susceptible body. Different infectious diseases are transmitted in different ways, and the same infectious disease is transmitted in different ways under different conditions. Common routes of transmission are:

1) Airborne transmission: When the patient speaks, coughs, or sneezes, droplets containing pathogens are sprayed, and if they are inhaled by the surrounding susceptibles, they may be infected. Measles virus, meningococcal bacteria, pertussis bacillus, etc., are all transmitted through droplets.

Secretions or droplets containing certain pathogens can also cause infection when they are inhaled by susceptible people after they fall to the ground and dry on the ground, and then fly with the dust. Dryness-resistant pathogens can be transmitted in this way. Airborne diseases are mostly respiratory infections.

2) Water-borne: The secretions or excretions of infectious agents can often directly or indirectly cause water pollution, and there are two ways for pathogens to invade the human body through water. The first is to invade the human body through drinking water, such as intestinal infectious diseases such as dysentery and cholera, and viral hepatitis A.

Second, due to the contact between the human body and the infected water, pathogens invade the human body through ** and mucous membranes, such as schistosomiasis, leptospirosis, etc.

3) Food transmission: In the process of processing, transporting, storing and selling food, if hygiene is not taken, food may be contaminated with pathogens and cause infectious diseases. In addition, some animal foods carry certain pathogens themselves, such as tapeworm-infected pigs, beef, and milk with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

4) Contact infection: direct contact and indirect contact. Direct contact is the transmission caused by direct contact between the source of infection and a susceptible person without any external factors, such as sexually transmitted diseases, rabies, etc.

Indirect contact is caused by contamination of household items with secretions or excreta from infectious agents, such as scarlet fever, which can be transmitted through contaminated children's toys and eating utensils.

5) vector arthropod transmission: for example, flies can transmit acute intestinal infectious diseases; When mosquitoes and sandflies bite, they can transmit pathogens to healthy people.

6) Soil transmission: The pathogens of certain infectious diseases can be transmitted through contaminated soil, such as tetanus, anthrax, etc.

7) Iatrogenic transmission: It is the transmission of medical devices or drugs and biological products in the process of prevention or prevention after being contaminated with pathogens. In addition to the above 7 horizontal transmission routes, pathogens can also be transmitted to the fetus through the mother's placenta, which is called vertical transmission.

A little bit about virus protection.

Airborne transmission, food transmission, water transmission, contact transmission, etc....

Airborne transmission, food transmission, contact transmission, biological vector transmission.

Airflow, soil and fertilizer, rainwater, machinery, biomediators, human factors.

Chlamydia infection? Mycoplasma and chlamydia infections are medically called non-gonococcal urethritis. It is usually caused by sexual infection or close contact with the infection in life

Pathogen is a general term for microorganisms and parasites that can cause disease. Microbiotic organisms account for the vast majority, including bacteria.

Endo, chlamydia,

Rondomiumium, rickettsia, spirochetes, actinomycetes, fungi, viruses, parasites (protozoa, helminths, medical insects),

1. Bacteria: cause all kinds of purulent infection, food poisoning, sepsis, acute infectious diseases, etc.

2. Chlamydia: causes trachoma and genitourinary tract infection.

3. Mycoplasma: cause pneumonia and urinary tract infection.

4. Rickettsia: cause typhus, etc.

5. Spirochet: cause leptospirosis, syphilis, ** disease, and blood infection.

6. Actinomycetes: cause **, wound infection.

7. Fungus: cause ** disease and infection of deep tissues.

8. Viruses: cause AIDS, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, measles, hepatitis, etc.

9. Parasites: schistosomiasis, malaria, filariasis, etc.

viruses, chlamydia, rickettsia, mycoplasma, bacteria, spirochetes, and fungi; Parasites mainly include protozoa and worms.

Select: A, C, D

A pathogen is a general term for viruses, microorganisms, parasites, or other vectors that cause or transmit disease.