How did humans calculate the age of the universe?

How to calculate the age of the universe?

How old is the universe?

Astronomers estimate it to be 13 billion to 14 billion years.

Astronomers say they have used the Hubble space telescope to observe the oldest white dwarf in the Milky Way ever discovered, providing a new way to determine the age of the universe. The newly estimated age of the universe is about 13 billion to 14 billion years.

Astronomers told NASA's press conference that the ancient white dwarfs were discovered in a globular cluster called M4, located in the constellation Scorpio, 7,000 light-years from Earth. Analysis shows that these white dwarfs are about 12 billion to 13 billion years old.

White dwarfs are the products of the burn-out of early stars in the universe, and they gradually cool down with age, so they are considered the ideal "clock" to measure the age of the universeAstronomers have metaphorically said that estimating the age of the universe with the help of white dwarfs is like using embers to guess when a charcoal fire will go out. But the problem is that white dwarfs get fainter and fainter due to constant cooling, which is a difficulty to overcome in actual observations.

In the process of observing the M4 globular cluster, the observation capabilities of the Hubble space telescope have been pushed to the limit. It took the telescope's camera eight days out of 67 days to capture the faintest and hottest white dwarf to date. These white dwarfs are extremely faint and less than 1 billion times brighter than the faintest stars that can be seen by the naked eye.

The newly discovered white dwarfs were the first stars in the universe. Earlier observations by the Hubble space telescope showed that the first stars in the universe may have been formed less than 1 billion years after the birth of the universe's "big **". Therefore, taking these 1 billion years into account, combined with the latest white dwarf observations, the age of the universe should be between 13 billion and 14 billion years, which is basically consistent with some of the earlier results.

Previous estimates about the age of the universe were mainly based on the calculation of the rate of expansion of the universe. Astronomers point out that white dwarf observations provide a completely different and independent means that will help to verify and reconcile results obtained by other methods.

The age of the universe is about 100 million years.

According to the big ** theory, it can be inferred that the age of the universe is about 100 million years. As the universe expands, the energy and matter that originally existed became less dense. The initial accelerated expansion is known as the inflationary period, after which the four fundamental forces known separate.

The universe gradually cooled and continued to expand, allowing the first subatomic particles and simple atoms to form. Dark matter gradually accumulates and forms foam-like structures, large-scale fibrous structures and cosmic holes under gravitational pull. Huge clouds of hydrogen and helium molecules were gradually drawn to the densest concentrations of dark matter, forming the first galaxies, stars, planets, and everything.

Concept: Historically, there have been many ideas about the universe and its origins. The ancient Greeks and Indians were the first to come up with a theory of the universe dominated by the laws of physics rather than individual opinions.

Ancient Chinese philosophy contains the concept of the universe, with the universe being all space and the universe being all time. Over the centuries, astronomical observations and improvements in the theory of motion and gravity have made the description of the universe more accurate.

Modern cosmology began with Albert Einstein's 1915 theory of general relativity, which made it possible to quantify the origin, evolution, and end of the entire universe. The vast majority of modern, accepted cosmological theories are based on the general theory of relativity, and more specifically on the grand ** theory.

The age of the universe is 100 million years. Age of universe refers to the time interval between the universe from a particular moment in time to the present. For some models of the universe, such as the Newtonian model of the universe, the hierarchical model, the homeostatic model, etc., the age of the universe does not make sense.

In the usual evolutionary model of the universe, the age of the universe is the time interval between the time when the cosmic scale factor is zero and the moment is at the moment. In general, the Hubble age is the upper limit of the age of the universe and can be used as some measure of the age of the universe. According to the large universe model, the age of the universe is about 100 million years.

In terms of ways to explore the universe, one of the more important ways is telescope observation, and there are also complementary ways, such as through gravitational waves, obtaining physical objects, etc., there are roughly four ways. The observable universe today may include hundreds of billions of galaxies. In a way, there is no scientific definition of the universe, and it can only be roughly said that it contains all time and space.

The latest data on the age of the universe suggest that it is about 14 billion years old. Because a long, long time ago, our universe was still a very massive but very small point. Suddenly, this point **, neutrons, protons, and electrons are produced.

At this time, the temperature is as high as more than 10 billion degrees. As the universe expands rapidly and the temperature gradually decreases, these elementary particles form a variety of elements, which attract each other, forming more and more large clumps, which gradually evolve into galaxies, stars, and planets, and life phenomena also appear on individual celestial bodies.

Humanity capable of understanding the universe has finally been born. This is currently the most likely explanation for the history of the universe. This theory is the most influential theory in modern cosmology.

How old is the universe? Scientists initially thought it was between 10 billion and 20 billion years old. A number of studies in recent years have further narrowed this spectrum:

Our universe is about 14 billion years old. Scientists told NASA press conferences.

They used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe the oldest white dwarf in the Milky Way, which provides an entirely new way to determine the age of the universe. The age of the universe, calculated according to the new results, is about 13 billion to 14 billion years. These ancient white dwarfs are found in a globular cluster named M4, located in the constellation Scorpio, 7000 light-years from Earth.

Analysis shows that these white dwarfs are about 12 billion to 13 billion years old.

The expansion of the universe has a velocity, according to the time distance velocity.

I haven't figured it out, but it's probably possible and not necessarily.

Mainly through telescopes, the current radio telescope can see stars at a distance of 13.8 billion light years from the earth, so the age of the universe is 13.8 billion years, and if a telescope can be invented in the future to see farther away, the age of the universe will be correspondingly larger.

By studying the velocity of galaxies spreading in the universe and the average density of visible matter (as well as the deceleration of galaxies by gravity), we are able to calculate the time when these galaxies formed, which allows us to give a preliminary estimate of the age of the universe. However, from observations of space long ago (by studying deep space, we are able to see what space was like a long time ago; Due to the limited speed of light, even very ancient cosmic activity can be studied today). Studies have shown that the universe has experienced at least one phase of "inflation," in which gravity appears to accelerate the spread of galaxies, rather than slow them down.

The easiest way to calculate how the age of the universe is obtained is by using the Hubble constant.

Earlier most people believed that the universe had existed for an infinite amount of time and remained in a steady state. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Hubble's series of discoveries had revolutionized our understanding of the universe. First, Hubble discovered the existence of extragalactic galaxies.

Secondly, Hubble also discovered that galaxies in the universe are almost always far away from the Milky Way, and that speed is proportional to distance, which is known as Hubble's law.

v = h·d where v is the speed at which the galaxy moves away from the Milky Way, d is the distance of the galaxy from the Milky Way, and h is the Hubble constant.

By measuring the velocity away from various galaxies and their corresponding distances, the Hubble constant of the scale coefficient can be obtained. However, the Hubble constant is difficult to measure accurately, and the results of different methods vary. Here is the Hubble constant, which has just recently been measured using the baryon acoustic oscillation method:

km/s)/mpc。So, how exactly is the age of the universe calculated?

For a galaxy very far away from the Milky Way, assuming that it has been moving away from the Milky Way at a constant rate since the beginning of the universe (galaxies were formed very early), then its regression rate can be calculated by the following formula: