Please answer Is Qishan a Manchu surname?

The surnames of the Manchu Eight Banners are Tong (Tong Jia), Guan (Guarjia), Ma (Ma Jia), Suo (Suo Xuanluo), He (Hesheri), Fu (Fucha), Na (Nala), Lang (Niu Hulu). The origin and evolution of the eight major surnames in Manchuria is an important topic in the study of the history of Manchu social development, and an indispensable project in the study of Manchu genealogy, which will provide a strong historical basis for all aspects of Manchu society in the early period.

The Manchus are the second largest of China's 55 ethnic minorities. The Manchus have their own language and writing, and the white mountains and black waters in the northeast are the homeland of the Manchus. The Manchu population is distributed throughout the country, with Liaoning, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Beijing and other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, and others scattered in Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shandong, Hubei, Guizhou and other provinces and autonomous regions, as well as large and medium-sized cities such as Xi'an, Chengdu, Guangzhou and Fuzhou.

In the long-term historical development, the Manchu people have formed a customs and culture rich in national characteristics, and the customs of the Manchu people are mostly similar to those of the Han nationality, but they have maintained a lot of Manchu characteristics.

The "Eight Manchurian Surnames" are Tong (Tong Jia), Guan (Guarjia), Ma (Ma Jia), Suo (Suo Xuanluo), He (Hesheri), Fu (Fucha), Na (Nala), Lang (Niu Hulu) eight surnames.

The Eight Banners originally originated from the hunting organization of the Manchurian (Jurchen) people, and was the form of military organization of the social life of the Qing Dynasty banner people, as well as the fundamental system of the Qing Dynasty.

Before entering the customs, the two flags of the eight banners were directly led by the Khan (emperor), and the other six flags were led by the Khan's sons and nephews. In the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), Dolgon died, and the Shunzhi Emperor was in power, and the Zhengbai Banner under the jurisdiction of Dolgon was under the leadership of the emperor, so the upper three banners and the lower five banners were formed.

The Eight Banners system was consistent with the Qing regime, which was not only one of the important factors in the victory of the Qing Dynasty, but also made the Qing Dynasty eventually go to the road of decline and decline.

Evaluation of the Eight Flags System:

The Eight Banners system existed for 296 years from its formal establishment to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty after the Xinhai Revolution in 1911. It was an important military pillar of the Qing Dynasty's rule over the whole country, and made important contributions to the development and consolidation of China's multi-ethnic unified country, to defend the frontier against foreign aggression, and played an indelible role in the development of Manchu society.

With the changes of history, the backward side of the Eight Banners system has become more and more obvious, which has seriously constrained the development of the Manchu people, and their role in the conquest has become smaller and smaller. The Eight Banners system is closely linked to the fate of the Qing Dynasty, and has experienced the entire historical process from prosperity to decline and from decline to death.

The above content reference: Encyclopedia - Eight Banners.

The above content reference: Encyclopedia - Manchurian Eight Surnames.

The ten purest surnames of the Manchu royal family are Qi Jia, Tong Jia, Guarjia, Ma Jia, Suo Xue Luo, Fucha Bi Lead, Yeh Nara, Niu Hulu, Ningguta, and Shu Mulu.

1, Qi Jia's. The clan is also known as the Qi clan, which can be seen in the "Imperial Dynasty Tongzhi, Clan Luo, Manchurian Eight Banners Surname".At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there were only two households.

Shiju Yehe, Qijiaying and other places, with the land as the surname. Later, the Chinese character surname was changed to Qi, and there was also Qi. The Qi Jia clan is a particularly noble family among the Manchus, with a small population.

2, Tong Jiashi. Liaodong giants also. At the beginning of the country, there was Tong Yang, Tong Yang was living in Tong Jiadi, because he thought it was a family, and later moved to Fushun.

3. Guarjia. Unknown.

4, Ma Jia's. The place where the family lives in Kerry Kumaja, because of the clan. At the beginning of the country, Hedong led 50 households in Manchuria to return, subordinate to Manchuria with yellow flags, tired of military exploits, and awarded first-class men.

5. Suojue Luoche. Unknown.

6. Fucha's. Because of the place. Living in Changbai Mountain, it belongs to Zhengbai Banner Manchuria.

7. Yehnara clan. Because of the place. Shishou Zhaoling, originally subordinate to the Blue Banner Manchuria, was changed to the Yellow Flag Manchuria because of the Empress Dowager Cixi.

8, Niu Hulu's. Those who lived in Changbai Mountain were especially popular, and later scattered in the British area. Those who stayed in Fengtian garrison were subordinate to Manchuria with yellow flags.

9. Ninguta. Unknown.

10, Shu Mulu's. Unknown.

How to distinguish Han Chinese and Manchus from their physical characteristics

The Manchus, an ethnic minority in northern China, are scattered throughout China. Originated from the Jurchens. In 1616, Nurhachi unified the Jurchen tribes and established the "Later Jin" regime.

In 1635, Huang Taiji changed the Jurchen to Manchuria, referred to as Manchu. Manchu: Purebred Manchu facial features.

Head type: There are two types: long head type and round head type.

The south of Jilin is mostly long-headed, and the Heilongjiang and Far East regions (the Tunguska group of Russia) are mostly round-headed, that is, broad-faced, and the temporal lobes (both sides of the eyes) are developed. Nose: The bridge of the nose is straight, which means that it is continuous from the arch of the brow to the bone of the bridge of the nose (the root of the mountain) without obvious collapse.

The tip of the nose is not as high as that of white people, so the side profile of the bridge of the nose will not be tilted too much from the side**. Eyes: Most Manchus have yellowish or brown eyes; There are also more precious gray eyes, that is, the color of the pupils is bluish-gray, which is more noticeable at night when illuminated by light; This characteristic can now be found in some Xibe people.

Upper eyelid penitential canthal phenomenon. A small number of Manchus have yellow hair or beard color, and some Manchu hair is naturally curly. The zygomatic structure is pronounced. Han nationality: The Han nationality is the main ethnic group in China, and is the descendant of the Yellow Emperor and Yandi tribes in ancient times, and the descendants of Yan and Huang.

Surnames are a sign that distinguishes different blood groups from each other, and different surnames represent different families.

The surname "is born from a woman", indicating that the surname was formed in a matrilineal clan society, and indicates a title of blood relationship.

The Manchu surname was first called "Hara", a Hala is a Mukun (family), with the increase of the family population, the original same Hara Mukun derived countless branches of Hara.

After the rise of the Qing Taizu Nurhachi, he began to gradually replace "Mukun" with "Niulu" and became the grassroots organization of society. After the formation of the Eight Banners system, the original Halamukun organization quickly diverged and was replaced by the Gushan Niulu (Eight Banners Organization), because in the Eight Banners system of the Qing Dynasty, genealogy was needed as evidence for the inheritance of people's identity and official positions, so it was particularly important to record the genealogy of the family blood relationship.

Since the Kangxi Dynasty, the Manchus have cultivated genealogies almost every family, which are roughly divided into two categories, one is called pedigree, which is compiled into a book; One is called the pedigree, which is generally written on white muslin or Korean paper, recording the list of the descendants of the following branches of the family or from the ancestor, and there are also written on the cowhide, which is called the pedigree.

The pedigree book is relatively rich and substantial, including genealogy, sects, lineage origins, family rules and family mottos, sacrificial rituals, documents (wills, deeds, etc.), as well as memorabilia, biographies, maps and notes, etc.

The family tree is not only the record of a family, but also can supplement the history of the country and the local history through the history of a family, and has a certain role of "governance, history, and education".

According to the "Clan Strategy" in the "Imperial General Chronicles", it is recorded that there are 646 Manchu surnames, plus 33 surnames outside the spectrum.

First, it originates from the ancient totem worship, named after animals, plants and natural phenomena, such as Niu Hulu can be interpreted as "wolf", and Ni Hulu can be interpreted as "fish";

second, the surname is based on the name of the place of residence of the trouser tribe, such as Guahu Yuerjia, Niu Co Lu, Shu Mulu, Ningguta, etc.;

Third, borrowing Han surnames, adding a "Jia", such as Ma Jia, Tong Jia, Qi Jia, etc., leaving traces of Han surnames.

The eight surnames of the Manchu Qing Dynasty were Tong Jia, Guarjia, Suo Xue Luo, Ma Jia, Hesheri, Fucha, Niu Kulu, and Nala, and they evolved into Tong, Guan, Suo, Ma, He, Fu, Lang, and Na. Most of these are surnames, and they are all Han surnames that evolved by choosing the first character.

1. The members of the Tong surname Tong and Guan surnamed Manchuria are all over every region of Liaodong, and today's Tong surname, Tong surname, and Tong surname are all Han surnames evolved from Tong Jia's family. The Guarjia clan is in the form of regional naming, and the members of the Guarjia clan of the Manchu people occupied an important position in the early ruling cause of the Qing Dynasty, and many people of the Guarjia clan were the founding fathers of the Qing Dynasty, and later the surname was simplified and changed to Guan. The concubine Qi in "The Legend of Zhen Huan" is the Guerjia clan.

2. The surnames Ma, Suo, and He are in the Eight Banners of Manchuria, and the descendants of the Jurchens are surnamed Ma Jia, which is also a clan named after a place name. Later, when they took their surnames, they chose a horse character from the title of the original Jurchen surname, forming the current Ma clan. Suo Xue Luo clan is also a surname named after a place name, the clan of this surname is scattered in several places such as Huifa, and later used the first word of the polyphonic surname Suozi, which evolved into a Han surname.

Heshi is one of the eight Manchu surnames in Liaodong, and in the Guangxu period, it evolved from the first word of the Manchu surname Hesheri.

3. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the Na clan followed the original surname transliteration method and was gradually evolved, and this surname was derived from the Manchu Nala clan. The Lang family evolved from the Manchu surname Niu Kulu, and the time of evolution was during the Qianlong period, because Niu Kulu's Manchu language sounded like "Lang", so it evolved into Lang, and we saw Zhen Huan in the TV series "The Legend of Zhen Huan", which is surnamed Niu Kulu. In addition, there is also a big surname is Fucha, they imitated the Han culture, chose the first character of the surname, Fuzi, and evolved into today's rich surname.

Qianlong's first wife was a nobleman from this surname, the famous Empress Fucha.

Dear readers, do you understand?

The evolution of the eight major surnames in Manchuria is:

Tong Jiashi Tong, Guarjia Guan, Suo Sui Luo Shi Suo, Ma Jia Shi Ma, Hesheri Shi He, Fu Cha Shi Fu, Niu Kulu Shi Lang, Nala Shi Na. The specific way of evolution is to take the first character of the Manchu surname as the Han surname, it is said that Tong Liya, Guan Zhilin, and Na Ying are all descendants of the Manchu nobles.

Among the many Manchu surnames in eastern Liaodong, the people of Manchu settlements usually regard the eight Manchu surnames of Tong, Guan, Ma, Suo, He, Fu, Na, and Lang as Chen Manchu's surname, and at the same time call them the "Eight Manchurian Surnames". Tong Jia's name was changed to "Tong" or "Tong", Guerjia's was changed to "Guan", Ma Jia's was changed to "Ma", Suo's Luo was changed to "Suo", Hesheri's was changed to "He", Fucha's was changed to "Fu", and Yehenara's was changed to "Na". Niu Co Lu changed his surname to "Lang".

The eight surnames of the Manchu Qing Dynasty evolved into the eight surnames of Tong, Guan, Suo, Ma, He, Fu, Lang, and Na. Most of these are Han surnames that evolved by choosing the first character.

There are the surnames Tong, Guan, Suo, Ma, He, Fu, Lang, and Na, most of which are derived from the first character of Manchurian surnames.

I'm not one of them. Because these surnames are very rare.