What are the extreme substances beyond the scope of ordinary people s cognition?

Many substances burn with amazing strength, styrofoam, napalm, marshmallows are good examples. Chlorine trifluoride is so flammable that the notorious Nazis in history considered it too dangerous to use it lightly. These people who carry out genocidal policies have to use it with caution because of its lethal nature.

It is said that on one occasion, a tonne of chlorine trifluoride accidentally spilled out, causing a fire that burned 12 inches of cement and 1 meter of concrete gravel sand before the fire was extinguished. I have to say that this time the Nazis were right.

Antimatter, I don't understand how antimatter is "anti", I don't have a concept of this kind of thing, I don't feel like I understand it.

Chlorine trifluoride, which is a colorless gas at room temperature, becomes a green liquid when cooled. It can meet and burn with almost any matter known on Earth.

Carbon nanotube blackbody is a type of carbon nanotube made of carbon nanotubes, and it is the blackest known substance, absorbing electromagnetic radiation up to the highest visible wavelength.

There are two substances that are beyond normal people's understanding: dark matter particles and dark energy particles. Although these two substances have been widely used by professionals in many aspects of the earth, and have achieved extremely amazing results, they are still not substances that normal humans have the ability to understand.

The world is so big that there are no surprises. There are always some substances with unimaginable properties, and today we will take a look at a few special materials. Line-X is a material that's really amazing, because just by spraying it on the surface, it can make the object indestructible, even the sharpest spear in the world can't pierce it.

Someone abroad did an experiment with watermelon, coated this substance on the surface of the watermelon, and then fell from a height of 45 meters. But the result was that the watermelon not only did not break, but also bounced like a ball.

At first glance, it looked amazing! The total synthesis of anemone toxin in rock sand is a milestone in the history of chemistry: it has 64 chiral atoms and 7 double bonds, and theoretically there should be 2 stereoisomers to the 71st power, and the difficulty of synthesis can be imagined, however, scientists still did it.

I think diamond is a very amazing substance, it is not only extremely hard, it also has the best thermal conductivity, the highest electron mobility, and the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion of conventional materials. And it reflects X-rays more than people think. The refractive index of X-rays in any medium is equal to or close to 1, which makes it difficult for X-rays to be reflected or refracted.

However, the diamond can reflect back the X-rays head-on, and the reflectivity is more than 99%! The photons you need to know are enough to blast an atom to the point that only one nucleus remains. However, the substance composed of these seemingly "weak" atoms can reflect them back the way they came.

Dark matter is a hypothetical substance due to the existence of phenomena that cannot be explained by existing theories, it is smaller than electrons and photons, has no electric charge, does not interfere with electrons, can pass through electromagnetic waves and gravitational fields, and is an important part of the universe.

The word "extreme" refers to things or critical states on the edge, which shake our three views with their extremeness. Each class of matter has its most extreme form. We've all heard that magnets are powerful enough to suck a child out of the inside, while acid can corrode your hands in seconds.

Today, we will take stock of the world's 10 extreme substances, the blackest of which is a material composed of carbon nanotubes, which is able to absorb light.

The blackest substance in the world known to mankind is the carbon nanotube black body, which is a black material that can swallow the light source, even if the flashlight or infrared rays shine on its surface, it can not show the light spot, leaving no trace, because it has up to one billion carbon nanotubes per square centimeter, and the absorption rate of light can reach. It will be used to improve optical tools like telescopes, and can even be used to make almost 100 high-efficiency solar collectors.

In this way, the perceptual experience other than rational knowledge counts.

Lighthouse jellyfish can reproduce asexually from polyps and are the only known organism that is able to recover from the sexually mature stage to the larval stage. It takes 25 to 30 days to reach sexual maturity at a water temperature of 20 and is characterized by the ability of sexually mature (capable of sexual reproduction) individuals to return to the hydra form. Ordinary jellyfish die after sexual reproduction, but lighthouse jellyfish are able to revert back to the polyp form.

This is called differentiation transfer. Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of times this process can be processed, and this jellyfish can achieve an infinite lifespan through repeated normal reproduction and transdifferentiation. Therefore, it is also known as the "immortal jellyfish".

More precisely, it should be "rejuvenation".

I especially like to read some popular science articles, and I usually like to watch some interesting technology products, and that time I saw a lot of extreme substances beyond the scope of my cognition on a popular science **. At that time, I saw an extremely combustible substance: chlorine trifluoride is a colorless gas at room temperature, and it cools down to become a green liquid.

It can meet and burn with almost any matter known on Earth. Oxidizing properties that exceed oxygen allow it to corrode oxygen-containing materials that are normally considered non-flammable, such as asbestos, glass, sandstone, and various silicate materials. When the water touches, it explodes.

In an industrial accident, 900 kilograms of CLF3 leaked, burning through 30 centimeters of concrete and 90 centimeters of gravel underneath. This is a gas that I have never understood, and I have never heard the teacher talk about it before, but I didn't expect this gas to be so powerful, it is so powerful that my brother has seen it for a long time. ‍‍

A conventional crystal is a three-dimensional object in which their internal atoms are arranged in a regular order. A time crystal is a four-dimensional crystal that has a periodic structure in space-time. A time crystal can spontaneously destroy the symmetry of the time translation.

It can change over time, but will continue to return to the same form it started with, just as the moving hands of a clock periodically return to their original position. Unlike ordinary clocks or other periodic processes, time crystals are a state of minimal energy, just like space crystals.

The lightest solid in the world – aerogel. The looming aerogel was like picking a piece from a white cloud and holding it in his hand. Colloidal particles or polymers in sol or solution are connected to each other under certain conditions to form a spatial network structure, and the structural void is filled with liquid as a dispersion medium, such a special dispersion system is called gel.

The structure of the gel is a bit like a sponge that absorbs water, and the network structure absorbs the medium through capillary action, so that the gel as a whole appears to have a certain shape and presents the mechanical properties of a solid. The jelly and concrete that are common in life belong to gel. On the premise of not destroying the gel network structure, the liquid in the wet gel is replaced with gas, and it becomes aerogel.

It seems to be fragile, but it is actually very durable, able to withstand temperatures of up to 1400 degrees Celsius, and can withstand pressure equivalent to thousands of times its own mass. These properties of aerogel have a variety of uses in space exploration. Aerogel materials are used on Russia's Mir space station and the U.S. Mars Pathfinder probe. ‍‍

Bose-Einstein condensate. A special state of matter. If matter keeps cooling and cooling, until it can't be cooled any longer, close to absolute zero, all the atoms seem to become the same atom, and you and me can no longer be distinguished, this is the fifth state of matter - Bose-Einstein condensate.

Bose-Einstein condensation has an unusually high optical density difference. In general, the refractive index of condensation is very small because its density is much smaller than that of a normal solid. But the use of lasers can change the state of the atom of Bose-Einstein condensation, causing its coefficient to increase abruptly to a certain frequency.

As a result, the speed of light within the condensation drops suddenly, even to a few meters per second. Regarding the principle of reducing the speed of light, strictly speaking, it is not to reduce the speed of light, when light travels in the medium, the speed of light should be c n, where n is the refractive index of the medium, and n in the Bose-Einstein condensate can become very large. ‍‍

Tantalum, the element symbol is Ta, and the atomic number is Hafnium +1. Tantalum is highly resistant to corrosion, but its corrosion resistance is due to the formation of a stable tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) protective film on the surface of tantalum. The characteristics of tantalum make it very widely used.

In the equipment for the preparation of various inorganic acids, tantalum can be used to replace stainless steel, and the service life can be increased by dozens of times compared with stainless steel.

Iridium, as the most corrosion-resistant metal, can be said to be extremely anti-weather, iridium can resist corrosion conditions, among all metal alloys elemental quality. For many demanding conditions, only iridium can do it. It is the only metal that can withstand 150 degrees of pressurized aqua regia, and the use temperature can reach 200 degrees, other metals, tantalum can not be used above 150 degrees, and ruthenium and rhodium will be significantly corroded at about 140 degrees.

Chromium begins to corrode at temperatures above atmospheric boiling. The only metal with a corrosion rate of less than 190 years in 37% oxygenated hydrochloric acid. It is one of the two metals that can be boiled at 338 degrees in concentrated sulfuric acid without corrosion. ‍‍

Rupert's Tears naturally drip molten glass into ice water by gravity, forming these tadpole-shaped "glass teardrops". It is popularly known as "Rupert's Tears". This glass has wonderful physical properties:

The teardrop itself is no different from solid glass, and the hammer is unharmed, but if you grasp its slender tail and apply a little pressure, the whole glass tear will burst and shatter in an instant.

In chemistry, there is a magical eastern state, which is insoluble in acids, alkalis, salts, and organic matter. Whether it is heated on a blowtorch or connected to high-voltage electricity, it is unscathed, it has the most stable and excellent chemical properties, but it is always abandoned, its name is: impurities.

Gravitational field. Humanity still doesn't know how to quantize. This is unlike any other substance.

The first time I understood that a field was a substance, I was almost so surprised that I couldn't close my mouth.

There is an artifact in physics, the volume can be ignored, and the appearance can be hidden. Vacuum high pressure, do not hurt the slightest, electric flint, do not move the slightest. It can be as solid as a rock and has a thousand strengths; But this regret is as thin as hair, coiled around the fingers of softness.

It can be charged, it can be at the speed of light, it can break through gravity, and it can cross magnetic fields. You can not only fight alone to celebrate the lack of Tianjiao, but also heroes can rise up to attack the city. When necessary, it boasts that it can be electrified, it can break gravity, and it can even travel at the speed of light!

It's tormented generations of students, and we're crazy about it, and it's just that: the magic little slider.

The universe is a very scary laboratory, which can produce all kinds of extreme conditions, and many frightening extreme substances can be produced under these extreme conditions.

Iridium, as the most corrosion-resistant metal, can be said to be extremely anti-natural, iridium can resist corrosion conditions, and is the most common among all metal alloys. For many demanding conditions, only iridium can do it.

Glass may be sold before the trouble. Asphalt is a drop in more than a hundred years, glass is a drop in tens of thousands of years, or a drop in millions of years. The molecular order of liquid bucket clear glass is very similar to that of a fluid, and it is arranged irregularly.

Tantalum, the element symbol is TA, and the atomic number is hafnium+1 Tantalum has strong corrosion resistance, but its corrosion resistance is due to the protective film, that is, a stable tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) protective film is formed on the surface of tantalum. The special properties of tantalum make it very widely used. In the equipment for the production of various inorganic acids, tantalum can be used to replace stainless steel, and the service life can be increased by dozens of times compared with stainless steel leakage steel.

Ibog alkali god Lu Liang. It is a key to human happiness. Human medical scientists have clarified that the neurotransmitter that causes human excitement and happiness is dopamine, which acts on relevant receptors in the brain, and opioids are also involved.

The neutron state at ultra-high pressures can also be "crushed" by nuclei at higher temperatures and pressures. We know that the nucleus of an atom is composed of neutrons and protons, and at higher temperatures and pressures, protons absorb electrons and convert them into neutrons, and matter presents a state in which neutrons are closely arranged, called the "neutron state". It has been confirmed that a medium-mass (multi-solar mass) star that develops into a late-stage "neutron star" is a planet that is denser than a white dwarf, and its state of matter is the "neutron state".

In the later stages of more massive stars, theories predict that they will evolve into "black holes" that are denser than neutron stars, and there are no direct observations confirming their existence. As for the state of matter under the action of ultra-high pressure in the "black hole", it is not known at present, and it remains to be observed and studied in the future. <>