Ask for something about the annals, who knows about the annals???

"Records of the Historians" is an epoch-making symbol in China's history, a great work that "transforms through the past and the present, and becomes the words of a family at the time of studying heaven and man", and is Sima Qian's extremely valuable contribution to China's national culture, especially history. The book includes 130 chapters and 526,500 words. In addition to the Qin Benji, the "Benji" narrates the political deeds of the supreme rulers and emperors of the past dynasties; "Table" is a simple memorabilia of various historical periods, which is the connection and supplement to the narrative of the whole book; "Books" are the beginning and end of individual events, which respectively describe the development and current situation of astronomy, calendar, water conservancy, economy, culture, art, etc., which are similar to the specialized scientific history of later generations. "The Family" mainly narrates the history of the nobles and princes; The biographies are mainly biographies of various types and strata of people, while a few biographies narrate the history of the rule of foreign and domestic minority monarchs.

The Records of the Historians constitute a complete system through these five different styles and their mutual cooperation and complementarity. Its chronicles, from the Yellow Emperor to the beginning of Emperor Wu (104-101 BC), comprehensively narrate the political, economic, and cultural historical development of China in the past 3,000 years from ancient times to the early Han Dynasty, and are a great summary of China's ancient history.

Burn one's ship.

In the last years of the Qin Dynasty, Zhang Han, the general of the Qin army, attacked the state of Zhao. The Zhao army retreated to Julu (southwest of present-day Pingxiang, Hebei) and was heavily surrounded by the Qin army. King Chu Huai then named Song Yi as a general, and Xiang Yu as a deputy general to lead the army to rescue Zhao.

After Song Yi led his troops to Anyang (now southeast of Cao County, Shandong), he did not move for 46 consecutive days, and was very uneasy about this feather, so he asked to march to a decisive battle to relieve the Zhao State. However, Song Yi hoped that after the battle between the Qin and Zhao armies, the Qin army would not attack until the Qin army was exhausted. But at this time, there was a shortage of food and grass in the army, and Song Yi was still drinking and taking care of himself, Xiang Yu saw that he couldn't bear it, and entered the camp to kill Song Yi, and claimed that he was treason against Chu.

So the soldiers supported Xiang Yu as the general. Xiang Yu's killing of Song Yi shocked the Chu State and made him famous among the princes. Subsequently, he led all his troops across the Yellow River to rescue Zhao and relieve the siege of Julu.

After Xiang Yu crossed the Yellow River with the whole army, he ordered all the ships to be scuttled, the pots used for cooking rice were broken, his barracks were burned, and he only brought three days of dry food, so as to vote to fight to the death, and there was no intention of retreating. It was in this way that the army, which had no way out, reached the periphery of Julu, and surrounded the Qin army and cut off the passage of the Qin army's external communication. The soldiers of the Chu army were ten with one, and the killing sound was earth-shattering.

After nine fierce battles, the Chu army finally broke the Qin army. However, the other princes who came to reinforce him did not dare to approach because of timidity. The courage and skill of the Chu army greatly increased Xiang Yu's prestige.

So much so that after the victory, when Xiang Yu met with the princes from all walks of life at Yuanmen, the princes did not dare to look at Xiang Yu directly. Later, "all shipwrecked, broken cauldrons" evolved into the idiom "broken cauldron and sunken boats", which was a metaphor for fighting to the death, and the determination was great.

"Historical Records" records the history of 3,000 years from ancient legends to the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, including many historical stories such as talking about soldiers on paper and pointing to deer as horses.

The famous stories in the "Records of History" are:

1.Guilty of pleading.

2.Guan Bao's friends.

3.Paper.

4.Duty.

When Chu and Han were fighting, Liu Bang ordered his general Han Xin to lead his troops to attack Zhao. King Zhao led an army of 200,000 to meet the attack at Jingcheng Pass in Taihang Mountain. At that time, Han Xin only brought 12,000 men with him.

In order to defeat the Zhao army, he stationed 10,000 men by the river and lined up a backwater array. Another 2,000 light cavalry were sent to lurk around the Zhao army's military camp. After the battle, Zhao's 200,000-strong army slaughtered the 10,000 Han troops by the river.

The Han army faced a great enemy and had no way to retreat, so it could only fight to the death.

This is the 2,000 soldiers who are lurking and taking advantage of the situation to attack the Zhao camp. The Zhao army was flanked from the front and rear and was quickly defeated by Han Xin. After the war, someone asked Han Xin:

It is a taboo for soldiers to line up against the water, why did the general knowingly commit it? Han Xin smiled and said: "Putting it to death and then being reborn, this is also recorded in the military book."

2.Stoop to conquer.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu and Yue were adjacent to each other, often fighting, once King Wu led his troops to attack the Yue Kingdom, and was cut in the right foot by Linggu Fu, the general of King Goujian of Yue, and finally died of serious injuries. After the death of King Wu, he was succeeded by his son Fucha. Three years later, the husband sent troops to attack the Yue Kingdom to avenge the murder of his father.

In 497 BC, the two countries fought at Fujiao, and the state of Wu won a complete victory, and Goujian, the king of Yue, was forced to retreat to Huiji. King Wu sent troops to pursue and besieged Gou Jian on Huiji Mountain, and the situation was very critical.

At this time, Gou Jian listened to the strategy of the doctor, prepared some gold and silver treasures and a few beauties, sent someone to secretly send them to Dazai of Wu State, and pleaded with King Wu through Dazai, and King Wu finally agreed to Goujian, King of Yue's request for peace. However, Wu Zixu of Wu State thought that he could not make peace with Yue State, otherwise it would be tantamount to letting the tiger return to the mountain, but King Wu did not listen.

After the surrender of Goujian, the king of Yue, he and his wife went to Wu together, and the couple lived in a stone house next to the tomb of his father, doing things such as guarding the tomb and raising horses. Every time the husband travels, Gou Jian always holds a horsewhip and respectfully follows behind. Later, Wu Wangfu was sick, and Gou Jian, in order to show his loyalty to his husband, actually went to taste the taste of Fucha's stool in person, so as to judge the date of Fucha's recovery.

The date of the husband's illness happened to coincide with Gou Jian**, and the husband thought that Gou Jian was loving and loyal to him, so he put Gou Jian and his wife back to Yueguo. After King Goujian returned to China, he was determined to take revenge. In order not to forget the national shame, he slept on the firewood, and the place where he sat and lay hung bitter gall, indicating that he would not forget the national shame and hardship.

After ten years of accumulation, the Yue State finally changed from a weak country to a strong country, and finally defeated the Wu State, and the King of Wu committed suicide in shame.

3.Princely generals.

In the last years of the Qin Dynasty, the brutal rule of the ruling class caused the people to live in misery. In order to build the Great Wall in the north, many laborers were recruited. Chen Sheng, Wu Guang and others delayed their trips because of heavy rain, and they should be beheaded according to the law, and they proposed that "the prince will have a kind of Xiangning", so they rose up, and other heroes also flocked up, and the rebel army quickly overthrew the rule of the Qin Dynasty.

4.Fill somebody's shoes.

Xiang Ji is a subordinate person, the word feather. When he first rebelled against Qin, he was twenty-four years old. His uncle was Xiang Liang.

Xiang Liang's father was Xiang Yan, a general of the Chu State, who was killed by the Qin general Wang Jian (Jian). The Xiang family has been a general of the Chu State for generations, and they are sealed in Xiangdi, so the surname is Xiang. When Xiang Ji was young, he didn't succeed in learning the knowledge of writing and left.

There are many famous stories in the historical records, such as the Hongmen Banquet, the guilt of Jing Invitation, and the humiliation of Han Xin's crotch.

Bear the guilt of Jing and return to Zhao, Mao Sui recommended himself, broke the cauldron and sunk the boat, Wei made up three uniques, lying on the salary and tasting the gall, and replaced it, referring to the deer as a horse, the overlord farewell to his concubine, and he was defeated.

Guilty of pleading. From "Historical Records, Lian Po Lin is like a biography".

There is Goujian, the king of Yue, talking on paper, "Hongmen Banquet", Dayu controls the water.

The Historical Records contain about 3,000 years of Chinese history from the Yellow Emperor to the Wu Emperor of the Han Dynasty, and are the first general history in Chinese history. There are a total of 130 articles in the book, the "Benji" is the biography of the emperor, the "book" records the chapters and national codes of the dynasties, the "family" records the affairs of the princes' kingdoms, and the "biography" records various historical figures other than the emperor and the princes.

Main content: It records the history of more than 3,000 years from the era of the Yellow Emperor in ancient legends to the Yuan Hunt period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

It is all-encompassing, but also integrated, the context is clear, "the king's traces of the rise, the primitive inspection of the end, see the prosperity and decline, the line of the examination" ("Taishi Gong self-preface"), the so-called "study of heaven and man, through the ancient and modern changes, into a family", a detailed record of the development of all aspects of politics, economy, military, culture and other aspects in ancient times.

The Records of the Historians is listed as the first of the "Twenty-four History", and together with the later "Book of Han", "Book of the Later Han" and "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms", it is called the "First Four History", which has had a profound impact on the development of historiography and literature in later generations. The method of compiling history in the form of chronicles pioneered by him has been inherited by the "official history" of later dynasties.

The Records of the Historian is also regarded as an excellent literary work, which has an important position in the history of Chinese literature, and is praised by Lu Xun as "the swan song of the historian, the "Lisao" without rhyme", and has high literary value. Liu Xiang and others believe that this book is "good at order and reason, argument but not flashy, quality but not slang".

The Records of the Historian is the first masterpiece of general history in the history of Chinese historiography that connects the ancient and the modern and covers hundreds of generations. It is precisely because the "Records of the Historians" can be written into a book from the past and the present, setting a precedent and setting an example, and imitating this genre to revise history one after another. The family style of general history has always influenced the research and writing of modern historiography.

The "Historical Records" records the history of more than 3,000 years from the era of the legendary Yellow Emperor in ancient times to the first four years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. "Historical Records" is also known as "Taishi Gongshu", the whole book has 12 chapters, 10 tables, 8 books, 30 family chapters, 70 biographies, a total of 130 articles. Starting from the legendary Yellow Emperor, it has been written to the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, narrating the history of our country for about 3,000 years.

Among them, the Benji and the biography are the main body. It takes the emperors and other political central figures in history as the main line of the compilation of historical books, and the division of labor in various styles is clear, among them, the three parts of "Benji", "Shijia", and "Liebiography", which account for most of the length of the book, are centered on writing characters to record history.

The Historical Records mainly cover the history of China from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for about 3,000 years, and it is the first general history in Chinese history. The book has a total of 130 chapters, which are divided into five parts: the book, the book, the table, the family, and the biography. Among them, Benji ten.

2. Ten tables, eight books, thirty families, and seventy biographies. The "Honki" is the biography of the emperor, the "book" records the chapters and state codes of the dynasties, the "family" records the affairs of the princes' kingdoms, and the "biography" records various historical figures other than the emperor and the princes. Lu Xun once praised it as "the swan song of the historian, the "Lisao" without rhyme".

1. Content.

"Historical Records" is a general history throughout ancient and modern times, starting from the legendary Yellow Emperor and writing until the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (122 BC), narrating the history of our country for about 3,000 years. According to Sima Qian, the book consists of 12 chapters, 10 tables, 8 books, 30 family chapters, and 70 biographies, a total of 130 articles, about 526,500 words.

The "Historical Records" is divided into five parts: the book, the table, the book, the family, and the biography. Among them, the Benji and the biography are the main body. It takes the emperors and other political central figures in history as the main line of the compilation of historical books, and the division of labor in various styles is clear, among them, the three parts of "Benji", "Shijia", and "Liebiography", which account for most of the length of the book, are centered on writing characters to record history.

"Benji" is the outline of the whole book, with the change of dynasties as the body, and the words and administrative achievements of the emperor are recorded by year and month; Among them, the five articles that record the history of the pre-Qin period are the Five Emperors, Xia, Yin, Zhou, and Qin; The seven chapters that record the history of the Qin and Han dynasties are Qin Shi Huang, Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, Liu Bang, the Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, Lu Pheasant, the Emperor of Han Wen Liu Heng, the Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty Liu Qi and the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Che.

Table "Use ** to briefly list lineage, people and historical events;

The book describes the development of the system, involving the system of ritual music, astronomy and military law, social economy, and the geography of rivers and canals.

"The Family" records the hereditary historical sites of princely feudal kingdoms and the deeds of particularly important people of the descendants;

"Biography" refers to the life deeds of representatives of various aspects other than emperors and princes and the biographies of ethnic minorities.

2. Background of creation.

The Han Dynasty inherited the legacy of the Five Emperors and continued the great cause interrupted by three generations. Due to the abolition of the royal road of the Zhou Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty destroyed the ancient cultural classics and burned the "poems" and "books", so that the precious books and classics in the Ming Hall and the stone room were scattered and disordered. At this time, the rise of the Han Dynasty, Xiao He revised the law, Han Xin affirmed the military law, Zhang Cang established the regulations, and Shusun Tong determined the etiquette, so the literary scholars with excellent character and learning gradually entered the use, and the destroyed ancient books such as "poems" and "books" were constantly searched and donated by people who love literature in various places.

3. Historical evaluation.

The "Historical Records" was praised by Mr. Lu Xun as "the swan song of the historian, the rhyme of the separation", listed as the first of the former "four histories", and "Zizhi Tongjian" and called "the double of historiography". Therefore, Sima Qian was called "Shi Qian" and "Shi Sheng" by later generations. Together with Sima Guang, it is called "the two Simas of the historical world", and together with Sima Xiangru, it is called "the two Simas of the Western Han Dynasty".

Liu Xiang and Yang Xiong said: "However, since the great group of books, they are all said to have the material of good history, obey its good order and reason, distinguish but not flashy, quality but not slang, its straightforwardness, its core, not false beauty, not hidden evil, so it is called a real record." ”

4. About the author.

Sima Qian (145 B.C.-90 B.C.), a native of Xiayang (now Hanchengnan, Shaanxi), was a native of Longmen (now Hejin, Shanxi). He was a great historian, writer, and thinker of the Western Han Dynasty in China. Sima Tan's son, Ren Taishi Ling, was punished by the palace for defending Li Ling's defeat, and later served as Zhongshu Ling.

He continued to complete the historical books he wrote, and was honored by later generations as Shi Qian, Taishi Gong, and the father of history.