The humanistic characteristics embodied in Chinese architecture

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The basic characteristics of Chinese architecture can be summarized in the following nine points.

1. Individual buildings are generally composed of three main parts: the lower pedestal, the middle house itself, and the upper wing-like extended roof.

2. In terms of surface arrangement, the so-called "place" house in China is composed of a number of such buildings and some connected buildings, such as cloisters, hugging buildings, chambers, ears, halls, etc., built around one or several courtyards or patios.

3. This system takes wood structure as its main structural method. That is to say, the body of the house is made of timber as columns and beams, which become a set of beams. Each beam frame has two columns and more than two layers of beams.

A long strip of beam frame used to support rafters or roof panels with fangs and purlins ([lǐn] frames on roof trusses or gables. Also called a truss or purlin. ) and other horizontal beams hold them together, and they become the main structure of the "room" to support the weight above.

Walls are also commonly used between the two columns, but the walls are not weight-bearing, but are only used like "curtains" to separate the inside and outside, or to divide the interior space.

4. Bucket arch: On a beam frame, at the junction of the column and the beam, add a layer of bow-shaped short wood called "arch" that is gradually picked out on the column head, and the bucket-shaped square wooden block called "bucket" is used between the two layers of arches. This kind of unit composed of arches and buckets is called "bucket arches".

5. Lifting and folding, lifting frame: the beam on the beam frame is multi-layered; The previous layer is always shorter than the next; A low column (or 柁 [tuó]: a house 柁, a large beam between two pillars in front and behind the frame.

pier) is always gradually raised. This is called "lifting". The slope of the roof gradually increases from the gentle slope of the lower eaves to the steep slope near the ridge, becoming a gentle curved surface.

6. Roofs have always occupied an extremely important position in Chinese architecture. Its tile surface is curved, as mentioned above. When the roof is sloped on all sides, the corners of the roof are also upturned. Its splendid ornamentation was also discovered and exploited at an early age.

7. Boldly use vermilion as the main color of the body of a large building, on the columns, doors, windows and walls, and decorate the superstructure of the timber frame with colorful painting patterns; Such as foreheads, beams, column heads and bucket arches, both external and internal. In terms of the use of color, Chinese architecture is the most daring of the various architectural systems in the world.

8. In the wooden structure building, most of the parts of the handover of all components are exposed, and they are slightly processed on their appearance and shape to make them the decorative part of the building itself.

9) In building materials, a large number of colored glazed bricks and tiles are used; Make the most of the decorative potential of various paints. Carved flowers on the wood, decorative reliefs on the stone surface, and carvings on the brick walls. These are also characteristics of the Chinese architectural system.

After a long period of hard work, ancient Chinese architecture has absorbed the characteristics of other traditional Chinese arts, especially painting, sculpture, arts and crafts and other plastic arts, creating a rich and colorful artistic image, and forming many characteristics in this regard. Among them, the following three aspects are more prominent.

1. Roof: Ancient craftsmen in China made full use of the characteristics of the wooden structure to create the roof folding and the roof warping and warping, forming the eaves and corners of the eaves stretched by the wings of birds and the soft and graceful curves of each part of the roof. At the same time, the ridge ends of the roof ridges are appropriately carved, and the tiles of the cornice are also decorative.

After the Song Dynasty, a large number of glazed tiles were used to add color and luster to the roof, and many other roof styles appeared one after another, as well as various complex shapes with artistic effects formed by the combination of these roofs, so that ancient Chinese architecture has gained rich experience in using roof forms to create the artistic image of architecture, and has become one of the important characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture.

2. Color: Ancient Chinese craftsmen were the most daring to use color and the best at using color in architectural decoration. This feature is inseparable from the timber structure system of Chinese architecture.

Because wood cannot last long, Chinese architecture has long adopted the method of painting and tung oil on wood to protect the connection of wood and reinforcement of wood components with mortise and tenon joints, and at the same time increase the aesthetics, so as to achieve a combination of practicality, solidity and beauty.

3. Foiling architecture: The application of foiling architecture is a common artistic treatment technique for high-level buildings such as palaces and temples in ancient China. Its role is to set off the main building.

The earliest application and artistic foiling building is the "que" built in front of the main gate of the palace since the Spring and Autumn Period.

Chinese Architectural Thought

Ancient Chinese architecture embodies a clear idea of etiquette and pays attention to the embodiment of hierarchy: there are strict regulations on shape, color, scale, structure, components, etc., which improves the architectural form to a certain extent, but also restricts the development of architecture. At the same time, the idea of the unity of nature and man is also reflected in the development process of ancient Chinese architecture, which promotes the coordination and integration of architecture and nature.

Pay attention to architecture, urban site selection, construction according to local conditions, depending on the situation of the mountain, the garden embodiment is particularly obvious, emphasizing feng shui. Ancient buildings, carved beams and painted buildings, wall walls are often painted. During the Warring States period, painting flourished.

In the palace room of the Han Dynasty, there are also many character stories, good and evil are reminded, in order to show the precepts, and the paintings of later generations are more landscapes.

Traditional Chinese architecture and rural houses are two different things. Traditional Chinese architecture includes various aspects such as palaces, dwellings, temples, etc., while rural houses belong to dwellings. Differences in dynasties and regions make houses in different regions also have their own characteristics.

According to Miao Pu's summary, the thirteen characteristics of traditional Chinese architecture are:

1. Separation. 2. Mainly divided according to people.

3. Miniature universe.

4. Indoor and outdoor cooperation.

5. The series connection of the master-slave unit.

6. Linear public space.

7. Engage rather than transform.

8. Positive and multi-grid coexist.

9. Separation of artificial and natural.

10. Two sets of scales indoors.

11. Simple background.

12. Two-dimensional line composition.

13. If the form of the story is not very abstract, there are the following overviews:

1. Home-country isomorphism, front hall and back room.

2. It is not eternal, and it is easy to rebuild.

3. Local materials.

4. Mortise and tenon joint, good seismic performance.

Chinese architecture. Characteristics is an expository text.

The Characteristics of Chinese Architecture" is a well-known Chinese architectural expert Liang Bianliang and Liang Dosi Cheng.

In an expository essay on the characteristics of Chinese architecture, the author uses a multi-Chinese explanatory method in order to introduce the characteristics of Chinese architecture to the reader. For example, interpretation, examples, analogies, numbers, comparisons, facsimile appearances, definitions, charts, quotations, etc.

The first aspect, (1) and (2): Explain the general characteristics of Chinese architecture. (1) Speaking of three-dimensional composition, a single building is generally composed of three main parts: the base, the main body (house) and the roof from bottom to top.

2) Speaking of plane layout, a house is composed of a building complex, the left and right are axisymmetrical, the main houses face south, and the whole building complex has a master and a slave, and there is an "outdoor space".

The second aspect, (3) and (5): explain the structural characteristics of Chinese architecture. (3) This paper introduces the structural method of Chinese architecture as a whole, that is, the frame structure of "timber as columns and beams", and explains the mechanical principles of Chinese architecture, pointing out that this is the same as the "modern reinforced concrete frame or steel skeleton" in terms of structural principles.

4) To explain the role of the bucket arch, first give a descriptive definition: the arch is a "bow-shaped short wood", and the bucket is a "bucket-shaped square wooden block", and they are called "bucket arches" when combined. Not only can it be used "to reduce the shear force at the junction of the column and the beam", but it also has a decorative effect.

5) Explain the role of "lifting and lifting", that is, in order to form the slope or curved surface of the roof.

The third aspect, (6) and (9): introduce the characteristics of Chinese architecture in terms of appearance, color, decoration, etc. (6) Introduce the roof, point out that it is "one of the most important features of Chinese architecture", and in comparison with other building systems, it is said that the roof with wings is the pride of our national culture.

7) Introduce the characteristics of Chinese architecture in terms of coloring, pointing out that "in terms of the use of color, Chinese architecture is the most daring of all architectural systems in the world", not only using vermilion in large buildings, but also using a large number of colored paintings to decorate wooden frame parts. (8) Introduce the decorative parts of Chinese architecture, from structural parts, ridges, and tiles, to doors and windows, door knockers, and corner leaves, all of which have strong decorative effects. (9) Explain the decorative characteristics of Chinese architecture in terms of materials, colored glazed bricks and tiles, paint, woodcarving, stone carving, brick carving, etc., all show the decorative characteristics of Chinese architecture.