English Translation for Bridge Engineering 5

New bridge construction: The bridging structure is completely made of FRP synthesis (mainly pedestrian bridges); With FRP reinforcement reinforced, the concrete bridge of FRP- was wrapped with concrete piles or directional towers, and the external FRP cables stayed; protective or secondary structural systems; and other supported steel stringers LDF. The results suggest that the strip method specified in the AASHTO LRFD specification (AASHTO 2004) as an approximate analysis method may also be applied to the swinging FRP deck as a practical method.

However, the different strip width equations must depend on the different types of experiments of the FEM or FRP deck.

New bridge construction: the bridge structure is completely made of FRP composite materials (mainly for pedestrian bridges); Concrete bridge reinforcement, FRP-FRP-rebar clad concrete piles or hangers, and external FRP cables stay; protection or secondary structural systems; Wait a minute.

Supporting steel LDF veins. The results show that the specifications specified in the strip method (AASHTO LRFD AASHTO) as an analytical method similar to 2004 can also be applied to non-traditional FRP decks as a practice.

"Bridge shed as a stall"English translation bridge; approach to play the role of a bridge; serve as a link;bridge girder; bridge unit; bridge engineering bridgework; bridgegang; bridge work; bridge framework; bridge erection; bridge structure; bridge span; bridge design; bridge bracing; Bridge bearingsbridge pad; pedestal

In the common direction for the tunnel has been determined, the next step is a geological survey** and a series of a number of boreholes can obtain specific information on the passage of the tunnel through the overlying rock formations. The length and section of the tunnel are generally made up of those things originally used, but the shape of its family rent must be designed to provide the best resistance to internal and external forces. Usually, a round or near-circular one is chosen.

In very hard rock, excavation usually takes rock drilling and blasting. Excavation work in soft rock, a tunnel-boring medium-hard machine with a long ban on the pant. On soft ground foundations, excavation is usually done by digging a hole or finishing a shield in advance, gently pinching the soft material into the tunnel.

In all cases, the unearthed rocks or earth, called dung, are collected and spread out of the tunnels. In the underwater tunnel, a shield is used to develop the work. Another method of building an underwater tunnel is to dig a trench in the form of a tubular part of the river or other water in the body.

Hard rock tunnels. The short tunnel is driven by hard rock entrances, but only from long titles are usually driven also from one or more intermediate axes. A number of long tunnels have been built with the aid of a small pilot tunnel drive parallel to the main tunnel, with which it is connected by crosscuts at intervals.

The pilot not only provides access to additional sub-tunnels, but also a route for the elimination of manure and ventilation ducts and drainage lines.

Another method is the heading-and-bench system, which was previously used in most large tunnels because it needs to allow a small amount of powder and other features such as simultaneous drilling to excavate material (removal), the upper part of the tunnel is to drive the lower part of the front called a separate crew on the bench, while the lower part of the tunnel can survive the fittest while the upper part is being drilled.

In the past, the method of frontal assault was only used in small tunnels and in the construction of large sections. This change brought about the Jumbo, a movable platform with numerous rock drilling installations. With this device, a large part of the face of the tunnel can be drilled at the same time, and the frontal method becomes the most common and fastest way to open a tunnel.

Suddenly, there is a translation network, you can search it by directly typing "translation", there are a lot of them, and the whole paragraph is supported.

I can't spit out this question anymore. Well, I'm only in my first year of junior high school.

English for Road and Bridge Engineering is a book published by Beijing Institute of Technology Press in 2010, the authors are Chai Xiuzhi and Liu Zhongbo. Combined with the application and development of the latest engineering technology and new materials, and citing major engineering examples at home and abroad, the civil design, construction, operation and management of roads and bridges and tunnels are introduced. This textbook can be used as a reference book for teachers and students of transportation and civil engineering colleges and related civil engineering technicians to improve the analysis and reading ability of civil engineering majors, and to understand relevant civil engineering professional knowledge and engineering projects.

In recent years, with the continuous development and progress of the concept of higher education, the construction of college textbooks is also constantly developing. English for Road and Bridge Engineering is a very important course in the teaching of civil engineering, as a follow-up course to basic English, so that Zhengliang Song students have a certain degree of professional English reading ability and translation ability of professional literature.