What are the most elementary particles that make up matter are stable 5

Elementary particle. The so-called elementary particles are the most basic units that make up matter. Depending on the force, particles are divided into three categories: hadrons, leptons, and propagators.

Hadron is the general term for all particles involved in the action of strong forces. They are made up of quarks, and there are five types of quarks that have been discovered, and they are: upper quarks, lower quarks, singular quarks, quarks, and bottom quarks.

Theories predict the existence of a sixth quark, named the top quark, but has not yet been discovered. The vast majority of existing particles are hadrons, and protons, neutrons, and mesons all belong to hadrons.

Lepton is a general term for particles that only participate in weak forces, electromagnetic forces, and gravitational forces, but not in strong interactions. There are six types of leptons, including electrons, electron neutrinos, electrons, sub-neutrinos, sub-neutrinos, sub-neutrinos. Electrons, subons, and subons are charged, and all neutrinos are not charged; The proton is an important particle discovered in 1975, which does not participate in the strong action and belongs to the lepton, but its mass is very heavy, 3600 times that of the electron, and the multiple of the proton, so it is also called the heavy lepton.

Propagators also belong to elementary particles. There are a total of 8 kinds of gluons that transmit strong effects, and they were indirectly discovered in 1979 in the three-injection phenomenon, and they can form gluon balls, but they have not been directly observed so far. Passes weakly acting w+, w- and z0.

The middle boson, discovered in 1983, is very heavy, 80-90 times that of a proton.

The lifetime of a particle is the third major characteristic quantity of a particle. Electrons, protons, neutrinos are stable and are called"Long life"Particle; The vast majority of other particles are unstable, i.e., they can decay. A free neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and a neutrino; A meson decays into a neutron and a neutrino.

The lifetime of a particle is defined by the time it takes for the intensity to decay to half. Protons are the most stable particles, and experiments have measured proton lifetimes greater than 10 to the 33rd power.

There are three types: atomic, molecular, and ionic. These are the three types of particles that make up matter.

However, the most basic thing is to count the atoms, because molecules are made of atoms, and ions are formed by the gains and losses of electrons from atoms. As for the stability of the atom, it depends on the type of atom.

atomic, stable.

There's quarks in atoms. It is the atom that is currently being decided.

According to the different forces, the most elementary particles that make up matter are divided into three categories: quarks, leptons, and propagators. Within the theoretical framework of quantum field theory, these elementary particles are treated as point particles.

Elementary particle is a term that refers to what people know to be the smallest or skinned ruler of a substance and the most basic single combustion high. That is, the smallest volume of matter without changing the properties of matter. It is the basis of all kinds of objects, and it does not conclude that it is not a substance because it is small.

However, after the quark theory was proposed, people realized that the Yamamoto particles of the base dust also have a complex structure, so the term "elementary particles" is generally not mentioned.

Modern physics believes that elementary particles are the smallest units of matter that make up matter. There are dozens of such particles. However, is matter really made up of these elementary particles?

First, it depends on how to define a substance. It is now believed that in addition to matter, there are dark matter and dark energy in the universe, and the latter two constitute the vast majority of the existence of the universe. So in terms of quantity, matter.

There are hundreds of elementary particles that make up matter: electrons, photons, protons, neutrons, positrons, neutrinos, mesons, hypertons, varions, etc., and physicists collectively refer to them as elementary particles. In 1972, the Yunnan Cosmic Ray Observatory of China's Institute of High Energy Physics discovered a new heavy-mass charged particle in the cosmic rays.

In the fall of 1974, a research team led by American physicist Professor Ding Zhaozhong discovered a new heavy photon, named J particle hole nucleus. In 1979, Professor Ding Zhaozhong discovered that Sen trembling ignited a new and important basic particle gluon.

There are three main types of particles that make up matter, namely atoms, ions, and molecules.

1.Atomic

The atom is the basic unit that makes up matter and is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the center of the nucleus and have a positive and neutral charge that are responsible for the mass and stability of the atoms, respectively. The electrons are located in the energy level orbital of the outer nucleus of the atom and have a negative charge that is responsible for the chemical properties that make up the atom.

2.ions

An ion is an atom or molecule that carries an electric charge. When an atom or molecule loses or gains electrons, a positively charged cation or a negatively charged anion is formed. Ions play an important role in chemical reactions and the conductivity of substances, among other things.

3.molecules

A molecule is a chemical structure formed by atoms by sharing electrons. Under the action of covalent bonds, atoms form molecules such as oxygen molecules (O2), water molecules (H2O), etc., by sharing electrons. Molecules are the basic structural units of matter, and the combination of different molecules makes up a variety of substances.

Knowledge Expansion:

The atom is the basic unit that makes up matter, and the atoms of different elements have different properties and structures. The number of protons of an atom determines the chemical properties of the element, while the sum of the number of protons and neutrons determines the mass of the atom. The number of electrons outside the nucleus of an atom determines the chemical reaction and valency of the element.

Ion Formation and ActionIons are atoms or molecules with an electric charge that play an important role in chemical reactions. The formation of ions is often accompanied by chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, redox reactions, etc. Ions are able to conduct electric current in the electrolyte solution because they carry a charge stool.

Types of molecules and chemical bondsMolecules are the basic structural units that make up matter, and different combinations of molecules constitute a variety of substances. Molecules are connected to each other by chemical bonds, including covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. The structure of the molecule determines the nature and function of the substance.

Nuclear reactions of atoms and nuclear energyIn addition to common chemical reactions, nuclear reactions between atomic nuclei are also important processes that make up matter. Nuclear reactions play an important role in the application of nuclear energy, including the utilization of nuclear energy and the operation of nuclear reactors.

The elementary particles that make up matter are molecules, atoms, and ions

So the answer is: molecule; Atomicions