Can you explain what medieval Simonian and tin fiefdoms measured? Thank you

Tin fiefdom: The right to appoint bishops in the bishopric whether it is the pope or the secular monarch in the episcopal domain.

Simply put, it is the right to appoint bishops.

The power to appoint bishops directly affects the political power and economic benefits of the emperor and the pope, and has become a key issue for the emperor to implement the ** centralized system and the pope to establish the world theocracy.

Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (23 May 1208 – 4 August 1265) was a French-English aristocrat.

In the Second Earl's War (1263 1264), he led the nobles in rebellion against the rule of Henry III and became the de facto ruler of England.

During his reign, a directly elected parliament was convened, the first of its kind in medieval Europe. As a result, Simon de Montfort is regarded as one of the founders of modern parliamentarism. In 1265, he was killed in battle with the army of the royalists.

So Simon's style should be the modern conference system

The Concept and History of the Humanities.

Humanities in a broad sense refers to various social phenomena of human society. In a large aspect, it can refer to the spiritual outlook and moral cultivation of society, and in a small aspect, it can refer to a person's perception and cognition of their own spiritual world. Humanistic knowledge is the summary of human experience in understanding and transforming itself and society; The humanistic spirit is the spiritual achievement of the main body cultivated by humanistic knowledge, which is contained in the inner world of people, and can be seen in people's behaviors and their results.

Humanities is a dynamic concept. In China's "Cihai", it is written: "Humanities refers to various cultural phenomena of human society."

We know that culture is the symbols, values and norms shared by human beings, a nation or a group of people. Symbols are the foundation of culture, values are the core of culture, and norms, including customary norms, moral norms and legal norms, are the main content of culture. Humanities refers to the advanced, scientific, excellent, and healthy parts of human culture.

Moreover, its core refers to advanced values, and its main content refers to advanced norms, especially advanced legal and institutional norms, especially advanced moral and customary norms for members of society, and for young people, it is first embodied in the formation of good habits and norms. From the perspective of the history of the Renaissance, humanities should be a culture that values people.

In a narrow sense, it can be said that humanity is the advanced and core part of human culture, that is, advanced values and their norms. Its concentrated embodiment is to attach importance to people, respect people, care for people and love people. In short, humanities, that is, a culture that values people.

Humanities, as a gene of human culture, as a simple habit and consciousness, has existed since ancient times, whether it is the West or the East, whether it is China or a foreign country. However, as a social trend, as a universal culture, that is, more people, larger groups of people have common and more stable values and norms, which began in the Renaissance of the century, formed in the century John"Locke, Adam"Smith and the French Enlightenment, as well as the Declaration of Independence in the United States and the Declaration of the Rights of Man in France, reflected on the period of reflection of Marx, Nietzsche, and Russell at the beginning of the century, and developed in the modern period of the mid-to-late 20th century. In the development period, the two human rights declarations of the United Nations are the symbols of the legalization and internationalization of humanities, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the realization of self-worth are the most outstanding representatives of modern humanistic thought.

Lushan (mount.Lu) is located in the Poyang Lake Basin in the north of Jiangxi Province, in the territory of Lushan District, Jiujiang City, on the verge of Poyang Lake, on the south bank of the Yangtze River, one of the three mountains and five mountains.

In the Zhou Dynasty, there were seven Kuang brothers who went up the mountain to cultivate, and they married Lu as a house, because of the name Lu Mountain. It is also known as Kuangshan and Kuanglu. Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty (reigned 58-75) was one of the centers of Buddhism in China. In the 6th and 8th centuries, it was also the residence of Taoists, poets, and scholars, and temples and Taoist temples were all over the place.

1. Cultural heritage of Yangzhou:

1. Maritime Silk Road.

Yangzhou has a unique geographical location, relying on the canal, bordering the Yangtze River and facing the sea, Yangzhou in the Tang Dynasty is the distribution center of materials from the north and south, the intersection of the "Land Silk Road" and the "Maritime Silk Road", the melting pot of multiculturalism and the international center of "rich in the world".

2. China Grand Canal (Yangzhou Section of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal).

Yangzhou is the birthplace of the Grand Canal, the leading city of China's Grand Canal World Heritage List, uniting 34 cities along the route, after eight years of efforts, in June 2014, China's Grand Canal was included in the World Heritage List, becoming China's 46th World Heritage Project.

There are 10 ruins and 6 sections of rivers in Yangzhou that have been listed as World Heritage Sites, which is the largest number and most complete among the cities along the Grand Canal in China.

2. Yangzhou Wedding Customs:

Engagement: Yangzhou custom calls engagement "tea". Engagement is also called "betrothal".

There are big and small determinations. Xiaoding, also known as "stable relatives", is a form of engagement between men and women when they are still young. Dading is a formal engagement.

Now in free love, as long as the two parties have agreed, and the man invites the woman's parents to come to the banquet, it is considered an engagement.

Marriage: Choose "auspicious days" for marriage, in the old days, the auspicious days of the zodiac were selected, and now they are selected on the days of the lunar calendar (especially happy on the sixth, not the fourteenth), or on the statutory holidays such as "May Day", National Day, and New Year's Day.

The day before the wedding, the groom's brother and others went to the woman's house to make a dowry. After arriving at the woman's house, you must first eat three courses of tea (sweet tea, clear tea, and dim sum), and then make a cover. The toilet bowl and foot basin in the cover are picked by the groom's younger brother.

The toilet (now changed to a spittoon) contains five sons: offspring eggs (red eggs), red dates, ginkgo seeds dyed red-green, lotus seeds, peanuts, and symbolizing the "five sons of Dengke".

In addition to clothes, there are also filial piety shoes made for in-laws, new shoes made for husband and brother-in-law, handkerchiefs for sister-in-law and "puppy shoes" made for future children.

The bride's uncle or brother carries the bride onto the sedan chair. After the flower bridge is raised, it turns three times in front of the door, and the female family pours water on the sedan chair (signaling the bride not to be nostalgic for her mother's home) and scattering chopsticks (wishing the bride a precious son soon). The sedan chair turns, and the bride's brother or younger brother follows to see off the relatives.

After sending relatives into the door and the bride getting off the sedan chair, you have to sit down and eat three teas.

3. Local dialects:

Yangzhou dialect is a representative dialect of Jianghuai official dialect, and its existence has a history of at least three or four hundred years. It used to be the official language of the Ming Dynasty, and there are still many ancient Chinese words, as well as some vivid and interesting spoken language. The folk arts with Yangzhou dialect as the carrier include Yangzhou Qingqu, Yangzhou Pinghua, Yangju and so on.

These folk arts have been included in the national intangible cultural heritage.