How are clans and tribes formed? How did the tribe come about?

Primitive societyIn order to survive, toBlood relationshipThe members of a combined human social group generally share a common ancestor. Approximately produced fromPaleolithicMedium and late stage. They often use an animal or plant as the totemic mark of their clan.

In the clan, there are certain provisions for marriage. In the early days, it was intra-clan marriage, but it was forbidden for elders to marry with younger generations, and marriage between siblings was also excluded, and even the farthest side relatives of the mother were forbidden.

Marriage, in the later stage, it is a marriage between clans, and there may also be snatching relatives. The members of the clan were on equal footing, worked collectively, distributed equally, and property was shared.

Public affairs are managed by the clan chief, and major affairs are decided by the clan council composed of clan members. Clan societies have passed through matrilineal clan societies.

Patrilineal clan society. Around the time of the co-use of copper and stone due to private ownership.

development and disintegration.

Historical stages of development.

Clans experience both matriarchy and patriarchy.

Two stages of development. Matriarchy is an inevitable product of the low productivity of primitive societies and the early group marriage system. Under this system, one cannot determine the father of the child, only the mother of the child; Women manage the household and play a leading role in economic life, they dominate the clan, the lineage is calculated on the basis of the matrilineal, and the property is inherited by the matrilineal blood relatives.

With the development of agriculture and animal husbandry and the transition from group marriage to couples, men were in a dominant position in economic life, people could know exactly the father of the child, the lineage was changed to the patrilineal line, the property was inherited by the patrilineal blood relatives, the man became the center of the maintenance of the clan, and the matriarchy was replaced by the patriarchal system.

The primitive tribe is the earliest form of forming society, there are two kinds, the early stage is the matrilineal clan society, the later is the patrilineal clan society, the main reason for the formation of clans and tribes is the extremely low productivity at that time, the people at that time in order to survive and adapt to the needs of the environment and form a group. As for the matrilineal and paternal lines, as the name suggests, they are dominated by women and men, respectively. In the early days, it was the young and middle-aged people in the tribe or clan who searched or hunted for food, the old and weak groups were at home, and after the hunting returned, everyone shared equally, and in the later period, due to the different abilities, the nobility was slowly formed in the tribe, and then to the slave society.

Historical terms. Refers to the historical stages that have been experienced before the history that is not clearly documented. Chinese historiography refers to the history before the Xia Dynasty as prehistory.

Including the primitive society and the legendary period in which Yao, Shun and Yu lived. The study of prehistory relies mainly on archaeological discoveries of human remains, as well as myths and legends. Humans arose during this period and gradually evolved into modern humans through labor.

The social form has transitioned from the primitive group to the blood family and entered the clan society. During this period, it went through two stages: matrilineal clan and patrilineal clan, and finally entered the class society with the emergence of the concept of private ownership within the clan, the differentiation between the rich and the poor, leading to antagonism. In prehistoric times, humans had mastered the technology of making tools, mainly stony.

The production method has developed from beating to grinding. In the early days, the methods of labor were gathering and hunting, and with the advancement of tool-making technology, there was a surplus of labor gains, and gradually the primitive cropping (agriculture) and livestock breeding industry gradually emerged. Humans have also moved from migratory impermanence to sedentary life.

After the concept of blood kinship is formed, the same blood relatives live together to form clans and tribes. During this period, human beings invented artificial fire and pottery technology, and in the late prehistoric period, copper smelting technology was invented, and human production has continued to develop since settlement. Conflicts between tribes over land and wealth often lead to alliances between tribes in order to increase their strength, by close blood or out of interests.

After the emergence of private ownership, two opposing classes gradually emerged within the tribal alliance, which eventually led to the establishment of the city-state.

Due to the multiplication of the population, a part of the clan opened up a new living space, so a new clan was born. Several old and new clans were combined to form a tribe. Each tribe has its own name and territory, a common language, a common economy, and a common religion and rituals.

The status of each clan in the tribe is equal, the supreme leader of the tribe is called the chief, who is elected by the clan, and public affairs are discussed and decided by the tribal council composed of the heads of each clan.

A historical type in the development of the national community. Consists of more than two clans or clans of the same blood. Formed in the late primitive period (i.e., the Middle and Late Paleolithic).

There are more clear regions, names, dialects, religious beliefs and customs, and there are tribal councils composed of clan chiefs and military leaders, and in some tribes there is also a supreme chief. The American ethnologist Morgan wrote in detail about the tribal form of the Indians in the matriarchal stage in "Ancient Society". In the Homeric era of ancient Greece, the tribe was based on the patriarchal system, with councils as permanent organs of power and military chiefs (Barcelus) who held military command, sacrifice, and judgment.

In the ancient Roman monarchy, each tribe was to be made up of ten curias, with a senate, a people's assembly, and a lux (king). In the later period of the primitive commune, due to the increasing frequency of various wars, the blood ties were gradually replaced by regional ties, and the tribal alliance formed by the disintegration and union of several tribes appeared, which became the beginning of the disintegration of the primitive commune and the premise for the emergence of a new national community tribe or nation.

In ancient times, clans and tribes were divided by blood relations, and experienced matrilineal clan societies before and after.

and patrilineal clan societies.

Primitive societyAt that time, the productivity was extremely low, and people's ability to live and survive was very low, in the natural environment at that time.

In harsh and beast-infested situations, the members of human social groups bound together by blood ties in order to survive generally have a common ancestor. The same blood relatives live together to form clans and tribes.

Clan. In the early days, it was the young adults of the tribe or clan who hunted, fished, and collected plant seeds to obtain food.

Shared by the elderly and infirm and young children at home.

Catch fish. Clans arose around the Paleolithic period.

Medium and late stage. They mostly use an animal or plant as the totemic mark of their clan. In the clan, there are certain regulations on marriage.

In the early days, marriage was carried out within the clan, but intermarriage between elders and younger generations was prohibited, and marriage between siblings was also excluded, and even the farthest side relatives of the mother were forbidden.

Marriage, in the later period, the scope of marriage gradually expanded, and marriages between clans may also have relatives. Members within the clan had equal status, collective labor, equal distribution of food, and sharing of property. The clan chiefs manage the internal affairs of the clan, and major matters are decided by the clan council composed of clan members.

Historically, the clans have experienced both matriarchy and patriarchy.

Two stages of development. In the early period, it was a matrilineal clan society with women as the main body, and in the later period, it was a patrilineal clan society with men as the main body.

Harvest. Matriarchy is a product of the low productivity of primitive societies and the early system of group marriage. Under this system, one cannot determine who the father of the child is, only the mother of the child; Women play a leading role in economic life by managing the children in the household, they dominate the clan, and the lineage is also calculated on the basis of the maternal line, and the property is inherited by the maternal blood relatives.

With the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, the group marriage system also transitioned to the dual marriage system, men began to dominate economic life, people can know the father of the child for sure, the lineage is also calculated according to the patrilineal line, the property is inherited by the patrilineal blood kinship, the man becomes the center of the maintenance of the clan, and the matriarchy is replaced by the patriarchy.

Generally, it is divided by ancestors. Just like our current family, people with the same bloodline are a clan.

It is usually divided according to clan, sometimes according to customs, and also according to personal prestige.

It is based on blood lineage, which is a very clear standard, and the way of division is more traditional and very well-founded.

In the early days of primitive society, clan and tribal life was mainly based on fishing, hunting, and gathering food, and they lived in pursuit of water and grass, and lived a turbulent nomadic life.

The social organization of primitive society has gone through two stages of development: primitive group and clan commune. The clan is the basic economic unit of common production and life of people in primitive societies characterized by blood ties. The clan went through two stages: matrilineal and patrilineal.

The former is manifested in the fact that women are the main body of the clan, the lineage of clan members is calculated according to the maternal line, and the property is inherited by maternal blood relatives; The latter is manifested in the fact that the lineage is calculated according to the patrilineal line, the property is inherited according to the patrilineal line, and the leadership of the clan falls into the hands of the man.

In primitive societies there was no exploitation, no classes, and therefore no state, and all major issues were decided by clan councils in which all members participated.

Historical legends. In Chinese legends, primitive societies have experienced the following eras: Chao, Suiren, Fuxi, Shennong, etc.

Later, Emperor Yan and Emperor Huangdi became co-rulers, and the Yellow Emperor was the leader of a tribal alliance of primitive tribes living in the Yellow River Valley for about 4,000 years. He advocated the cultivation of grains and the domestication of livestock, which helped the tribal alliance grow stronger. He led his tribe to defeat the Yandi tribe in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Chiyou tribe in the south.

Later, the Yandi tribe and the Yellow Emperor tribe formed an alliance and lived and multiplied in the Yellow River Valley for a long time, forming the backbone of the later Huaxia tribe. The Yellow Emperor is revered as the ancestor of the Huaxia people. This is how the Chinese nation is now called the descendants of Yan and Huang.

Of course, in ancient Chinese mythology, the Yellow Emperor defeated the human gods with the Yandi Emperor, thus forming one of the earliest ethnic integrations in China, and before that, different tribes could be regarded as their own race, since there was no ethnic group in ancient times, how should we divide it? The term ethnic introduction came from the West, and it followed the standard time of ethnic division, so that the number of ethnic minorities in China may have exceeded 56, and Cleisthenes' reforms eventually established democracy in Athens.

<> example, China's five permanent people, such as the Qiang people, the Ji people, etc., all belong to different ethnic groups. As a result, the previous ethnic groups were mainly related by blood, but in the process of ethnic integration, these ethnic groups eventually became part of the Han Chinese. Athens was divided into three major regions, urban, coastal, and inland, each of which was subdivided into ten sections, known as the three districts.

By drawing lots, a district is selected from each region to form a regional tribe. Under these 31 districts there are a number of demos (autonomous villages), which form the basic unit of political, social and religious activity of Athenian citizens.

Although they are all descendants of the Chinese nation, they are still divided into different ethnic groups. Athenian men who have reached the age of 18 obtain citizenship by performing certain naturalization ceremonies in the Demos, to which their parents belong. Some Gentiles also received Athenian citizenship within Demos.

In this way, the principle of region replaced the principle of kinship, weakening the influence of the Gentile aristocracy in all respects.

In the first national census in 1953, by 1954 38 ethnic groups had been identified, in addition to the nine recognized ethnic groups - Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uyghur, Miao, Yao, Yi, Korean and Manchu. Until the beginning of the 20th century,"Nation"The term has just spread widely in China. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the division of nationalities was not so strict, so people started from blood factors and cultural connotations, and maintained respect for history for different nationalities, but in the information age, with the migration and smooth flow of information exchanges, the nation was more just a symbol, after all, the world will form a global village, and in the future national characteristics will gradually disappear.

In ancient times, clans and tribes were mainly divided by blood relations, and the members of each tribe would have a common ancestor, who respected the old and loved the young, and the young people were responsible for hunting and planting for the old and weak groups in the tribe to live.

It is mainly divided by blood relations, from the matrilineal clan society to the patrilineal clan society, which is also divided by ancestors.

It was specifically divided by blood relations, because the clans and tribes at that time were all united by blood relations.

A clan is the basic socio-economic unit of a primitive society formed by blood relations. Marriage is forbidden within the clan, the means of production are publicly owned, collective production, equal distribution of sources and shortages, and there is no exploitation and class. Public affairs are managed by elected clan chiefs, and major events are decided by clan member councils.

With the increase in productivity, the establishment of hierarchies and private ownership, the clan system began to disintegrate, replaced by monogamous families. In the process of transformation from ape to man, they began to interbreed with each other like animals. Later, blood families appeared.

In blood families, marriage is divided by lineage, and all siblings, including siblings, are husband and wife to each other, while marriage between elders and younger generations is forbidden. A blood family is a collective, a mountain commune, and this is the clan. Hail is only arguing.