Although the officers and men of the Beiyang Fleet fought stubbornly, they still failed, and what ar

I think that the equipment of the Beiyang Fleet at that time could not be blamed, it was known as "the seventh in the world and the first in Asia".It is not clear whether this is the case, in short, the equipment strength at that time was no worse than that of small Japan. Let's just talk about the naval battle in the Yellow Sea, the reasons for the failure may be as follows:

1: Misconduct. Originally, the planned formation was a double column, but when it approached the enemy ships, it became a scattered goose-shaped horizontal formation.

There are two theories about the reason, one is that the wrong signal flag is hung, and the other is that some ** failed to arrive at the predetermined location in time. Soon after the start of the war, the bridge of the flagship Dingyuan, which had been in disrepair for a long time, was shaken and collapsed by the recoil of the ship's guns, and the admiral of the Navy (commander of the Beiyang Fleet) Ding Ruchang fell from the bridge and was wounded, unable to continue to command the battle, and he did not designate a ** commander in advance, this fatal omission caused the Chinese fleet to lose its unified command from the beginning. Immediately afterwards, the signal flag was also destroyed, the connection between the flagship and the fleet was cut off, and the ships had to fight on their own, and fell into chaos.

2: Greedy for life and afraid of death, fleeing from the battle. In the fierce battle, the two ships of Zhiyuan and Jingyuan were unfortunately sunk by the enemy, and the three ships of Jiyuan, Guangjia and Yangwei were terrified and fled in a hurry, and Jiyuan could also shamefully hang the white flag.

It not only weakened the combat effectiveness, but also seriously disturbed the morale of the army. Three of the four torpedo boats were intimidated by the enemy's threat and kept hiding in the distance and did not dare to participate in the battle, so they did not play any role.

3: Insufficient shells, poor quality. The battle lasted only 5 hours, but it was unbelievable that there were not enough shells, and all the shells of the main guns in Dingyuan and Zhenyuan were used up.

There are also problems with the quality of the shells, some do not hit, some do not hit"Hit the enemy ship without splitting"。Half a month before the Battle of the Yellow Sea, Hurd said in a report to the British:"The current problem is munitions, the Beiyang Fleet has medicine but no ammunition, there are ammunition without ammunition, Hannagan (the British adviser to the Beiyang Fleet) has been ordered to rush ammunition, he wants to be able to scrape together enough shells for several hours for a naval battle, fight at sea, so far he has not been able to get it, and the worst thing is that he may never have any hope of getting it.

The above is found for you from the Internet, I'm afraid I won't explain it well. Hehe. In fact, I think the most fundamental reason is that the corruption of the late Qing Dynasty and the impact of capitalism led to the retreat of sea and land routes!

The Qing Dynasty, which had deep pockets, bought a large number of advanced warships, but could not buy the power in its hands. Just like the former Soviet Union.

At the beginning of the First Sino-Japanese War, the heavy tonnage of the Qing Dynasty's Beiyang Naval Division was about 30,000 tons, while Japan's had reached 70,000 tons. The 305-mm guns of the Beiyang Naval Division, which dominated Asia, were also overtaken by the Japanese 320-mm guns, and the overall speed was 4 knots lower than that of the Japanese Navy. Naval warfare is about firepower and speed, Beiyang is unable to keep up with both, and the two ironclad ships in Beiyang have served for 12 years, of which 7 years have not been maintained and ammunition replenishment due to lack of funds, the most embarrassing thing is that the Dingyuan ironclad ship due to disrepair, the main gun exploded at the beginning of the war, and was defeated without a fight, and also injured the commander Ding Ruchang, which is the so-called king of black guns in the road to survival.

Therefore, the Qing Dynasty did not fight in the First Sino-Japanese War with superior equipment, and the size of the fleet of 30,000 tons could not compete with 70,000 tons. Japan is a very cautious and pragmatic nation, and will not attack when it is at a disadvantage. Therefore, all the wars in which Japan participated were in the condition that its equipment was superior to that of the enemy.

Even the Pacific War was the same, from the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor to the defeat of the British Z Fleet, it took only 3 days to destroy or severely damage 8 American battleships and sink 2 British battleships.

Japan's naval thinking far surpassed that of any other country at the time. Japan was also the first country to foresee the strategic significance of aircraft carriers. Because the Japanese have few people and few resources, they can only rely on their brains.

Therefore, there is no doubt about the outcome of the First Sino-Japanese War. The bulky old elephant of the Qing Dynasty was defeated by the cunning fox.

It is the human factor, to be precise, the problem of commander's on-the-spot command and the technical and tactical quality of officers and men.

In the Battle of Weihaiwei, the Beiyang Fleet was completely annihilated.

In January 1895, 20,000 Japanese troops landed in Rongcheng Bay, Shandong, attacked Weihaiwei Fort, and blockaded the east and west ports with **. The defense on land was not strengthened, and Weihaiwei was finally lost. After the Beiyang Navy trapped Liugong Island, the vast number of soldiers still actively resisted.

Some generals who were greedy for life and feared death coerced Admiral Ding Ruchang to surrender. Ding Ruchang would rather die and commit suicide on February 11, and the Beiyang Navy was completely wiped out. The total annihilation of the Beiyang Naval Division marked the defeat of the Westernization Movement.

The Battle of Weihaiwei in the First Sino-Japanese War, the main battles of the First Sino-Japanese War include the Battle of the Yellow Sea (five ships were sunk, and there was still a certain strength), Lushun (the fleet port), and the Battle of Weihaiwei (the admiral committed suicide, the fleet surrendered, and the capital ship Dingyuan sank itself, and the Beiyang Fleet was completely wiped out since then).

Sino-Japanese First Sino-Japanese War.

It was the war of Japanese aggression against China and Korea at the end of the 19th century. According to the Chinese Ganzhi year, the year 1894 when the war broke out was the First Sino-Japanese War, so it was called the First Sino-Japanese War, while Japan called it the Sino-Japanese War, and Western countries called the First Sino-Japanese War (Sino-Japanese War).

Japan in the Meiji Restoration began to embark on the capitalist road, actively invaded and expanded abroad, and established a "continental policy" centered on China; At this time, the Qing Dynasty was a big empire that had returned to the light through the Westernization Movement, the politics were very corrupt, the people's lives were poor, the various factions in the officialdom were fighting openly and secretly, and the national defense and military were strong and the discipline was lax; The major capitalist countries of the world gradually made the transition to imperialism, and Japan's aggressive acts were supported to a certain extent by the Western powers.

In 1894, the Donghak uprising broke out in Korea, and the Korean army was defeated and forced to beg for help from the suzerain, the Qing Dynasty, and Japan also took the opportunity to send troops to Korea to deliberately provoke a war.

In 1894 (the twentieth year of Guangxu), the Battle of Toshima broke out on July 25, and the First Sino-Japanese War began. Under the military pressure of Japanese militarism, the Qing Dynasty of China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki on April 17, 1895.

The outcome of the First Sino-Japanese War brought an unprecedentedly serious national crisis to the Chinese nation and greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of Chinese society. On the other hand, it made Japan more powerful and became one of the great powers.

Night Question Fighting Power: The First Sino-Japanese War Beiyang Fleet was completely annihilated! The Qing court sent Li Hongzhang to Japan to sue for peace!

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 marked the defeat of the Westernization Movement. As a result, the Qing Dynasty was forced to sign the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Shimonoseki.

The Beiyang Naval Division, also known as the Beiyang Fleet and the Beiyang Navy, was formally established in 1888. It is a modern navy established by China, and it is also the strongest and largest of the four modern navies established by the Qing Dynasty. There are 25 main ships, 50 auxiliary ships, 30 transport ships, and more than 4,000 officers and soldiers.

The Beiyang Naval Division was formally established on December 17, 1888 (the 14th year of Guangxu) on Liugong Island in Weihaiwei, Shandong, and China allocated 4 million taels per year for naval construction. The strength of the fleet used to be the first in East Asia and the ninth in the world (according to the ranking of the "United States Navy Yearbook" of that year, the top eight were: Britain, France, Tsarist Russia, Germany, Spain, Ottoman Turkey, Italy, and the United States).

Later, due to various reasons, Japan gradually fell behind.

Answer D: This question mainly tests students' ability to recognize and remember the course of the First Sino-Japanese War. The Battle of Pyongyang was a land battle, in which the Beiyang Fleet did not participate, and as a result, the Japanese army occupied Pyongyang, Korea; Although the Beiyang Fleet suffered losses in the Yellow Sea Campaign, the main force still existed and could not continue to fight; The result of the Liaodong Campaign was that the Japanese army occupied Dalian and Shenna Lushun; In the blind battle of the Weihai War faction, due to Li Hongzhang's order not to go to war, the result was that the Beiyang Fleet was besieged by the Japanese army in Weihai Chentanwei Port, resulting in the annihilation of the Beiyang Fleet. Therefore, choose D.

The Japanese Combined Fleet had superiority in speed and small- and medium-caliber rapid-fire artillery, and was relatively flexible in the use of tactics, thus seizing the initiative on the battlefield. Ding Ruchang, Admiral of the Chinese Beiyang Navy, and his adviser C Hannagen (an officer of the German Army) were not familiar with naval warfare, and first listed unfavorable formations, and then interrupted their command, resulting in the failure of their own fleet to give full play to its superiority in the number of ships, large-caliber artillery, and armor, and never got rid of the passive situation, with the result that more than half of the main warships were damaged.

1. Throughout the history of China, almost 100% of the defeats in wars are attributed to the fact that the enemy is outnumbered, the ammunition is exhausted, and the country is backward.

2. This is due to the quality and height of the analyst's vision, and it is too hasty to use such a simple reason to analyze a battle that determined the direction of modern Chinese history.

3. There are countless examples of defeating the strong with the weak and winning more with less, and there are many examples of defeating strong opponents with backward forces, backward systems, backward productive forces, and sparse armed forces, and the Xiongnu, Turkic, Tibetan, Mongol, Xixia Dangxiang, Liaojin, and Manchu have attacked the Central Plains regime, and everyone knows it.

4. Clausewitz summed up in "On War": War is the continuation of politics, and it is impossible to understand the true meaning of war without analyzing it from a political perspective.

5. The Taiping Rebellion actually collapsed the Qing regime, and it was only a matter of time before the country was destroyed. ** Army - The combat effectiveness of the Eight Banners Army and the Green Battalion Army is equal to zero. As a result, there was Zeng Guofan, who was the first to implement the system of rat clubs, which is now widely used by MLM agencies.

In the regimental training battalion, you can pull 100 down the line to be a sentry officer, and you can pull 300 people to be a battalion officer, saying that it is ** armed, but in fact it belongs to the private property of the officer, and even the number of the army is branded with a private mark "Qingzi Battalion" and "Inscription Battalion" ......The commanders of these armies are the so-called warlords.

6. The Beiyang Fleet is said to be the navy of the Qing Dynasty, and it is better to say that it is Li Hongzhang's private fleet. Only obeyed Li Hongzhang's orders. The private ownership of the army is not used to fight wars, the army is only a symbol of strength, and you can have as many official positions as you have, how many privileges you enjoy, and how much benefits you can obtain.

7. Therefore, the army's training, strategy and tactics, renewal and maintenance, and will to fight ......It doesn't matter what it is anymore, as long as there is a scale and it can bluff people. The so-called Beiyang Fleet is really just a paper tiger.

8. In Dadonggou, from departure to encounter, the Beiyang Fleet always did not want to fight, and the reason is the same as above - the Beiyang Fleet is not used to fight, but is just an important weight for Li Hongzhang to fight for power. Therefore, from the beginning to the end, the Beiyang Fleet was passive and avoided war.

9. As soon as the Beiyang Fleet started the war, it adopted the goose formation of the bow against the enemy, which had the advantage: reducing the probability of being hit by the enemy's firepower. Disadvantages: only the bow gun can fire, and only a third of the firepower can be used. Reason: I just want to save my life, I don't want to fight.

10. The first time the flagship opened fire, it collapsed the bridge, causing the commander to lose his command ability, which is simply ridiculous. Description: The flagship may be paste, the flagship's artillery has never been used, or almost never used. It can be seen how low the training of the entire fleet is

Don't look for reasons, if you push back the First Sino-Japanese Naval Battle by a few years, and wait for the Japanese 12,000-ton Fuji and Yashima battleships to enter the war, China will be convinced. The Qing Dynasty was the birthday of the Queen Mother, and it was impossible to spend tens of millions of taels of silver to buy 10,000-ton battleships, at most a few 4,000-ton cruisers (a few were bought in the afternoon). At that time, the Qing Dynasty lagged behind Japan in terms of equipment, training, system, finance and taxation.

You're going to lose even worse.

First, the corruption and incompetence of the Qing Dynasty, second, the armament strength of the Beiyang Navy is limited, many guns are fake, and bullets are scarce, third, the Westernization movement is blocked by the diehards, and fourth, Japan's Meiji Restoration has greatly increased its national strength.

It should be the Sino-Japanese First Sino-Japanese War.

Battle of Weihaiwei.

On 20 January 1895, the Japanese Second Army under the command of Senior General Oyama Iwa, including the 2nd Division of Lieutenant General Sakuma Zomattai and the 6th Division of Lieutenant General Kuroki Weizhen, a total of 25,000 men, began to land on Eisei Ryusushima Island under the cover of Japanese ships, and all of them landed on 23 January. On the 30th, the Japanese army concentrated its forces to attack the Weihai Weinan Gang Battery. The Qing army stationed at the Nanbang Fort consisted of only 6 battalions and 3,000 men.

Battalion officer Zhou Jia'en put up stubborn resistance in guarding the Motianling position, and was finally annihilated. The Japanese also suffered heavy casualties, and their left wing commander, Major General Yasumi Oji, was killed by a Qing artillery shell, the only Japanese general killed in the war. Due to the disparity in troops, the Nanbang Fort was finally captured by the Japanese army.

On February 3, the Japanese army occupied the Weihai Acropolis. The entire land of Weihai was occupied by Japan, and Liugong Island, which Ding Ruchang commanded, became an isolated island. Ito Yuhiro, commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet, once sent a letter to Ding Ruchang to persuade him to surrender, but Ding Ruchang refused.

In the early morning of 5 July, the flagship Dingyuan ran aground in the middle of a mine and was still used as a "water battery." On the 10th, Dingyuan ran out of ammunition, and Liu Buyun committed suicide. On 11 July, Ding Ruchang refused to surrender and committed suicide under the coercion of the foreigners and the Weihai Camp Office's promotion of Niu Changyu and other generals.

The foreigners, Niu Changyu, and others also pushed Yang Yonglin to take Yang Yonglin from the town and came forward to preside over the surrender, and Yang Yonglin finally committed suicide. On 12 July, the American foreigner Hao Wei drafted a surrender document, and in the name of the pseudo-Toding Ruchang, he sent Guang Bingguan to send Cheng Biguang to the Japanese flag ship. On 14 July, Niu Changyu and Ito Youheng signed the "Weihai Surrender Treaty," stipulating that all the ships in Weihaiwei Harbor, the Liugong Island Fort, and all the ordnance and materials on the island should be handed over to the Japanese army.

On the 17th, the Japanese landed on Liugong Island, the Weihaiwei Naval Base fell, and the Beiyang Fleet was completely annihilated.