As a unique cultural product of our country, what did the earliest porcelain look like?

In fact, many people think that porcelain appeared tens of thousands of years ago, in fact, this view is wrong, because what appeared tens of thousands of years ago was not actually porcelain, but the original prototype of porcelain - pottery, which can be said to be porcelain in the real sense, appeared in the Shang Dynasty period of our country, in the Shang Dynasty, the pottery at that time was transitioning to the porcelain stage, and the utensils produced at this time were somewhat close to the porcelain in our current sense, and the porcelain at that time was called the original celadon.

The original celadon refers to the gray-white color of the porcelain of this period, and the texture is relatively hard, and the actual surface is a thin layer of glaze, and the porcelain at this time is actually in a relatively low stage of green glazed porcelain. However, with the development of time and the gradual improvement of the self-sustaining process at that time, people's understanding of the raw materials manufactured and the temperature burned during manufacturing gradually improved. Only now is the advent of porcelain!

The emergence of porcelain in the real strict sense of our country was in the Eastern Han Dynasty, in Zhejiang in the south of our country, the surface texture of the porcelain was very delicate, the luster of the glaze was very beautiful, and the porcelain was very tightly combined internally, both in appearance and structure and the current porcelain standard has been very similar.

The shape of the early porcelain casting is not like our current porcelain is mostly used as an ornament or a vase or something like that, the early porcelain is mainly used for people's daily life, such as plates, saucers, bowls and other things, used for people to hold some daily necessities in their lives.

The earliest porcelain was very single, just used to hold things, and there was no beauty, and the later development was more focused on appearance.

When the Shang Dynasty was in Yinxu, there were gray pottery, black pottery, red pottery, painted pottery, white pottery, etc., but at that time, this was only used by nobles, and ordinary people could not use it.

The earliest porcelain was used by the ancestors to eat and serve rice in ancient times. It looks ugly, but it is printed with patterns, and it can be said that people already had aesthetic concepts at that time.

In fact, the earliest porcelain was relatively coarse, that is, the clay was simply put into the kiln and then fired, and there were not too many patterns.

In fact, the earliest porcelain was just used to hold things, and then it slowly became more demanding, and there were all kinds of patterns.

The earliest porcelain in our country was that kind of pattern, and later with the development, the appearance of porcelain is more and more.

At the beginning of development, the role of porcelain was relatively simple, but with the later development, the use of porcelain became more and more extensive, and the patterns were more varied.

I think it should be a relatively simple kind of porcelain, after all, the craftsmanship at that time was relatively simple.

China's primitive celadon began to pass from hard pottery in the late Shang Dynasty and came to the Eastern Han Dynasty to produce mature celadon.

I think it should be the kind of porcelain that is relatively rough and simple, after all, the craftsmanship at that time was relatively simple.

In fact, the earliest porcelain is a particularly rough one, which should belong to the ancient clay pots, and at that time the clay pots should be called porcelain.

There are many ways to classify porcelain, which can be divided according to the old and new and the age of firing, according to the characteristics, materials, origins, and processes of porcelain, and can also be divided according to the kiln mouth of porcelain.

The classification of porcelain is listed below:

First, according to the old and the new. Porcelain can be broadly divided into antique porcelain (also known as ancient porcelain collections, a kind of antiques) and modern porcelain.

Second, according to the specific firing time. Here it can be distinguished into two types, according to "chao" and according to "generation". For example: Song porcelain, Ming porcelain, Qing porcelain, etc.

Third, according to the origin of the division. Such as Jingdezhen porcelain, Liling porcelain, Tangshan porcelain, Dehua porcelain, Longquan porcelain, Chaozhou porcelain, Zibo porcelain, etc.

Fourth, according to the material division. Such as: white porcelain, high white porcelain, high white jade porcelain, jade porcelain, bone china, stoneware, etc.

Fifth, according to the process division. Such as: underglaze color, overglaze color, Tang Sancai, gold color, pastel, gold wire, glaze opening, ice crack, relief, carving, sculpture, crystalline glaze, kiln color, plain surface, lacquer line carving, twisted porcelain, inlay process, monochrome glaze, cryogenic processing, etc.

Many porcelains use a variety of techniques, and it is not commonly used to divide the types of porcelain by process.

Sixth, according to the characteristics of the division. It can be divided into: primitive porcelain, primitive celadon, celadon, ethereal porcelain, white porcelain, white porcelain, black porcelain, plain porcelain, colored porcelain, blue and white porcelain, blue and white porcelain, color glazed porcelain, flower porcelain, sweet white porcelain, thin porcelain, stranded porcelain, stranded glazed porcelain, Shufu porcelain, secret color porcelain, Mangkou porcelain, bone china, pearl porcelain, like raw porcelain, inlaid porcelain, new color porcelain, simmering porcelain, raw porcelain, Cultural Revolution porcelain, chairman porcelain (also known as Mao porcelain), folk ceramics, Qimen porcelain, red and green porcelain, export porcelain, ancient porcelain, modern porcelain, phosphorescent ceramics, self-cleaning ceramics, transparent ceramics, etc.

Fetal quality, glaze, decoration, shape and inscription are the five elements that make up porcelain. Among them, glaze color is an important criterion to distinguish the category of porcelain. Porcelain is divided into two categories: monochrome glaze and color glazed porcelain according to the glazing method, and blue and white are the main items in color glazed porcelain.

In the development of ceramics in China, it has experienced the process of monochrome glaze to multi-color glaze (color glaze). Monochrome glaze includes green glaze, white glaze, red glaze, blue glaze, yellow glaze, green glaze, black glaze, etc., and green glaze can be divided into pink blue, azure, bean green, etc. The white glaze is divided into sweet white, green and white, and the red glaze has Ji red, ox blood red, cowpea red, etc.

There are two kinds of multi-color glaze: one is to use glaze colors and color blocks of different shapes to form the glaze, such as Jun glaze; The other uses glaze to outline patterns, such as blue and white, pastel, etc., which is also customarily called "colored porcelain". Colored porcelain can be divided into three types: overglaze color, underglaze color and double-layer sandwich color.

Seventh, according to the kiln mouth division. The first is the division of official kilns and private kilns. There is also a division of the kiln mouth of the real porcelain production area, such as Longquan kiln, Yaozhou kiln, Liling kiln, Dehua kiln, Jingdezhen kiln, Tangshan kiln and so on.

In addition, our common porcelain such as Jun porcelain, Ru porcelain, Ding porcelain, Ge porcelain, and official porcelain were divided according to different divisions in the Song Dynasty.

The predecessor of porcelain was the primitive celadon, which was the product of the transition stage from pottery to porcelain. The earliest primitive celadon in China was found in the Fenglongshan cultural site in Dongxia, Xia County, Shanxi, about 4,200 years ago. There are pots and bowls.

Primitive celadon is widely distributed in China, and is found in the Yellow River, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southern region.

The real porcelain in China appeared during the Eastern Han Dynasty (23 220 AD)..First of all, it began to appear in Zhejiang Province in the southern region. Shangpu Xiaoxiantan in Shangyu County, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province discovered the site of a porcelain kiln in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and celadon.

The texture of the porcelain piece is delicate, the glaze is shiny, and the tire glaze is tightly and firmly combined. From the micrograph, it can be seen that there is no residual quartz under the glaze of the celadon fragments. This glaze has gotten rid of the primitiveness of the original celadon in terms of appearance and microstructure.

It has met the standards of real porcelain.

Around the middle of the Shang Dynasty in the 16th century BC, early porcelain appeared in China. Because it is still rough on the carcass and in the firing process of the glaze layer, the firing temperature is also low, showing primitiveness and transitionality, so it is generally called "primitive porcelain".

Chinese porcelain evolved from pottery, and around the middle of the Shang Dynasty in the 16th century BC, early porcelain appeared in China, generally called "primitive porcelain". It was first seen in the ruins of the Shang Dynasty in Erligang, Zhengzhou. Painted pottery to mark its development.

In China, the production of pottery technology can be traced back to the era of 4500 BC to 2500 BC, it can be said that an important part of China's development history is the history of ceramic development, the achievements of Chinese in science and technology and the pursuit and shaping of beauty, in many aspects are reflected through ceramic production, and form very typical technical and artistic characteristics of each era.

From the perspective of the development history of Chinese ceramics, the term "ceramics" is generally divided into two categories: pottery and porcelain. Clay and porcelain stone products with no dense sintering of the carcass, whether colored or white, are usually referred to as pottery. Among them, the part with a higher firing temperature and a better degree of sintering is called "hard pottery", and a kind of glaze is called "glazed pottery".

It was the first in China to invent and use traditional crafts and daily necessities made of kaolin. As early as 8,000 years ago in the Neolithic Age, China's ancestors had already made and used pottery. On the basis of the development of pottery technology, primitive porcelain was created in the middle of the Shang Dynasty more than 3,500 years ago.

After a long period of improvement, at the end of the Han Dynasty in the 2nd century AD, mature celadon was fired. Later, porcelain spread from China to other countries, and China won the title of "porcelain country" in the world.

Celadon and white porcelain The earliest porcelain in China was celadon, named after the thin layer of green glaze applied to the surface of the vessel. Shang Dynasty celadon has the basic characteristics of porcelain such as gray and white fetal quality, fire temperature of more than 1100, basic sintering of fetus, weak water absorption, etc., but it is still relatively primitive in raw material processing, utensils molding and kiln technology, so it is called primitive celadon. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, with the improvement of productivity, the division of labor within the handicraft industry was further developed, and the production of primitive celadon had a great development.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, commerce developed, the scale of the city expanded, and the firing of porcelain became more centralized and specialized. At this time, the porcelain fired was different from the original celadon in terms of fetal sintering performance and surface glazing technology. There is exquisite processing in the modeling, and many imitation bronzes, such as the three-legged tripod of the handle.

A complete set of chimes, etc.

In the Qin and Han dynasties, the political, economic and cultural prosperity of celadon was unprecedented, and a new situation appeared in porcelain production. In the long-term practice of making pottery and firing porcelain, the selection of raw materials, the washing of the mud, the molding of utensils, the glazing and the kiln and other technologies have been significantly improved and improved, forming a complete process system. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, it was finally fired into mature celadon.

The emergence of Chinese porcelain is a great contribution to world civilization.

Pottery and porcelain are separated, and ceramics is a general term.

From 5000 to 6000 years ago, mankind entered the prosperous stage of matriarchal clan communes, and the Yangshao culture in the Yellow River Valley appeared as a painted pottery culture. So pottery first appeared in the Neolithic period.

Early porcelain was nothing more than a type of glazed pottery, also known as primitive celadon. From the middle of the Shang Dynasty to the late Eastern Han Dynasty, it was a transitional stage from the development of pottery to porcelain. The original celadon unearthed in the Shang Dynasty, that is, glazed pottery.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were celadon ware with bright glaze and pure texture. The emergence of real porcelain in China was during the Eastern Han Dynasty.

The porcelain industry in the Tang Dynasty has become an independent production sector, with Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain, etc. In the late Tang Dynasty, Changsha copper kiln pioneered underglaze painting.

During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, pastel porcelain developed, and Yongzheng reached the peak of the mole peak.

Hope it helps!

Porcelain in the true sense of the word in China was produced during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 220 AD). During this period, on the basis of the development of pottery and primitive porcelain making technology in the previous generation, the southward migration of northern people in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the prevalence of thick burials, the area centered on Shangyu in Zhejiang Province in eastern China became the birthplace of Chinese porcelain with its unique conditions. The four-series jar of blue glaze water ripple in the Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed in Mianguan Town, Shangyu County, Zhejiang Province, shows us the initial development of porcelain firing technology.

The real porcelain should be the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The original porcelain kiln site of Yongchun Kuzhaikeng is located in Zimei Village, Jiefu Township, which is the earliest known kiln site for firing primitive porcelain in the country, which is dated by the accelerator mass spectrometry laboratory of Peking University, and the measured age sequence is basically consistent with the relationship between the kiln stacking and breaking, all of which are located from the end of the 14th century BC to the middle of the 18th century BC, which is equivalent to the middle of the Xia Dynasty to the middle of the Shang Dynasty in the Central Plains, that is, from 1700 BC to 1400 BC, from 3400 to 3700 years ago. Its discovery pushed forward the history of firing primitive porcelain in China by 200 years, and was rated as one of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China in 2016. In the follow-up investigation, the specimens unearthed at the original celadon kiln site in Kengdaoshan, which is about 1,000 meters away from Kuzhaikeng, are larger than those at Kuzhaikeng site, which may be a continuation of Kuzhaikeng site in terms of age, and its importance is no less than that of the Xia Shang site in Kuzhaikeng.

1. Chinese porcelain is developed and evolved from pottery, and the original porcelain originated more than 3,000 years ago. By the time of the Song Dynasty, the famous porcelain kilns had spread throughout most of China, and it was the most prosperous period of the porcelain industry.

2. In the Neolithic Age, about 8,000 years ago, the pottery technology was mastered, and the rudiments of porcelain appeared in the Shang Dynasty. At that time, there was already a kind of green glaze, the firing temperature can reach about 1200, and the glaze is engraved with various ornaments, such as cloud and thunder patterns, water ripples, leaf vein patterns, dot reticulos, etc. The shape of the vessel has honor, urn, jar, bowl and so on.

This primitive celadon has been unearthed in the south and north of the Yangtze River.

Porcelain was invented by the Chinese. The emergence of this period has greatly changed the way of life of human beings, and no one in the world has questioned it, so if we admit the four great inventions.

Then porcelain is the fifth greatest invention in China, and it is well-deserved and logical.

Porcelain evolved from pottery. The innovation of pottery was examined long before human civilization entered human civilization.

Before that, people were able to create pottery in barbaric times. However, in view of the fact that the earliest recorded in the historical books is Suiren, Fan Jinhetu is the kettle. So the descendants put the Suiren clan.

As the originator of Chinese pottery making.

The porcelain that began was the product of the transition stage from pottery to porcelain, which appeared in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

Its tire color is gray and white, the tire is hard, the firing temperature is higher than that of naughty, and the water absorption rate is low. Due to the limitations of the process, the mud is coarse, cracked, and uneven. Therefore, glaze was invented during the Han Dynasty, and people began to brush glaze on the surface of pottery as decoration.

Because the appearance of the glazed pottery is different from that of ordinary pottery. Therefore, it is not called pottery but porcelain, and since then China has had porcelain, <>

porcelainThe word is also created in the Han Dynasty There was no word before the Han Dynasty, but the so-called porcelain of the Han Dynasty was not the porcelain that was later said, but the naughty with oil, this kind of porcelain was fired at a lower temperature and more brittle in texture, and the porcelain at a real high temperature in the Tang Dynasty was successfully fired, so in essence, the Han Dynasty was the beginning of the porcelain throwing period, and the porcelain in the real sense appeared in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, there were three colors of sugar.

After the Song Dynasty, porcelain really reached the dynasty of a hundred flowers, with white porcelain and celadon. In this dynasty there are five of our most famous kilns.

And there was also a small thing that happened in the Song Dynasty, Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng.

There are five era names, Xianping Jingde. Big and medium details, Tianxi.

Qianxing: Hmm. During the period when he used the name of Jingde, Song Zhenzong gave a place called Changnan Town, which was originally called Changnan Town, to be used for the purpose of burning blue and white porcelain. I don't know if when he gave the name, did you think that this place would later become the center of porcelain making in China, and even in the world, with this name.

From the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the era of a hundred schools of thought in porcelain came to an end, and Jingdezhen became a standout situation. This is a milestone leap in porcelain, and since then blue and white porcelain.

It has become the mainstream, entered thousands of households, and went to the world.