What are the types of rocks and soils according to their origins?

Types of rocks.

What are the three major rock types?

Rock is an aggregate of minerals and is the main substance that makes up the earth's crust. Rocks can be made up of one mineral, for example, limestone is made up of only one mineral, calcite; It can also be composed of a variety of minerals, such as granite, which is composed of a variety of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, mica, etc. Most of the materials that make up rocks are inorganic.

Rocks can be divided into three categories according to their causes, but because nature is a continuum, it is difficult to really divide into three lithologies according to our non-types, so there will be some excessive rocks, such as tuff (volcanic dust and rock falling into the surface or water accumulation and cementation) may be classified as sedimentary rocks or igneous rocks, but we can still be divided into three main categories:

Sedimentary rocks occupy 66% of the surface and are the main types of rocks on the surface. Rocks that have been formed from weathering and turned into detritals, or by the remains of living organisms, etc., and then caused by erosion, sedimentation, and petrification. These rocks are layered, and the first depositors are in the lower part, which is older; The higher the level, the newer the era, which is called the law of superimposed layers.

When the rock is deposited, it often contains living organisms, and after being buried, it can be well preserved and become a fossil after a long time; In igneous rocks, there are mostly no fossils.

Igneous rocks are characterized by high temperatures and pressures in the Earth's interior, and all the constituent substances refer to minerals that are in a molten state of fluid, called magma. Igneous rocks are caused by magma intruding into the earth's crust or flowing out of the earth's surface to cause lava, which is caused by cooling and solidification, such as basalt and granite. Igneous rocks are the most primitive of all rocks.

Metamorphic rocks The original igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks, and then through the influence of high temperature, high pressure and hydrothermal fluids caused by crustal movement or magmatic intrusion, can change the structure or organization of the original rock, or make some minerals disappear, and produce other new minerals, thus becoming another kind of rock different from the original rock, called metamorphic rock, such as marble changed from limestone; Slate is transformed from shale; Quartzite is changed from sandstone, etc. Typical metamorphic rocks exist in the Precambrian or orogenic belt regions, and there are often regional tectonics-related cleavages or mineral changes.

Rocks can be divided into magmatic rocks (igneous rocks), sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks according to their genesis; According to the genesis, soil can be divided into: clay, sub-clay, sub-sandy and sandy.

1. Magma. Rock: Magma is a molten silicate that exists at high temperatures and pressures beneath the earth's crust.

Substance. The pressure inside the magma is very high, and it constantly moves to the place where the pressure is low, so that it breaks through the rock layers deep in the earth's crust, rises prematurely along the cracks, and erupts to the surface. Or when the internal pressure of the magma is less than the pressure of the upper rock formation, the magma is forced to stay and condense into rock. It can also be divided into intrusive rocks and ejective rocks (volcanic rocks).

It mainly includes granite, diorite, gabbro, diabase, basalt.

Wait. 2. Sedimentary rocks.

It is also known as aqueous rock.

Rocks are formed by the solidarity of loose sediments such as detritics, colloids, and organic matter that accumulate in layers on land or in the sea. At the same time, it is also one of the three main rocks that make up the Earth's lithosphere (the other two are magmatic rocks and metamorphic rocks.

On the Earth's surface, 70% of the rocks are sedimentary, but only 5% are sedimentary if you count the entire lithosphere from the Earth's surface to a depth of 16 kilometers. Sedimentary rocks mainly include limestone, sandstone, shale, etc.

Sedimentary rocks contain minerals that account for 80% of the world's total mineral reserves. Sedimentary rocks mainly include limestone, sandstone, shale, etc.

3. Metamorphic rocks: The original rocks in the earth's crust (including magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks that have been generated), due to the changes in physical and chemical conditions caused by crustal movement and magmatic activities, that is, under the influence of high temperature, high pressure and chemically active substances (water vapor, various volatile gases and hot water solutions) infiltrated by silver, the structure, structure and even mineral composition of the original rock are changed in a solid state, forming a new rock called metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks not only have the unique characteristics of self-opening bodies, but also retain some characteristics of the original rocks.

It can be divided into positive metamorphic rocks and secondary metamorphic rocks.

According to the genesis, rocks can be divided into three main categories:

magmatic rocks formed by magmatic activity;

The abrasion-resistant rocks formed by the action of the external history are blind and rotten spring;

Metamorphic rocks formed by metamorphism.

Rocks can be divided into three main categories according to the causes of their formation: magmatic rocks (igneous rocks), sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.

1. Magmatic rock (igneous rock): refers to the magma that flows out after the eruption of the volcano, and the rock formed by solidification, when the volcanic rock does not flow out of the surface, it is also called invasive rock. Magma is a molten silicate substance that exists beneath the earth's crust at high temperatures and under high pressure.

The pressure inside the magma is very high, and it constantly moves towards the low pressure, so that it breaks through the rock layers deep in the earth's crust, rises along the cracks, and erupts out of the earth's surface. Or when the internal pressure of the magma is less than the pressure of the upper rock formation, the magma is forced to stay and condense into rock. Common volcanic rocks are basalt, andesite, rhyolite, granite, gabbro, diorite, etc.

2. Sedimentary rocks: under the conditions of normal temperature and pressure on the surface, many materials with broken small manuscript skins are transported by wind, water and other materials, and deposited and formed by diagenesis. Also known as aquapogenesis, it is a rock formed by the solidarity of loose sediments such as detritics, colloids, and organic matter that accumulate in layers on land or in the sea.

At the same time, it is also one of the three main rocks that make up the Earth's lithosphere (the other two are magmatic rocks and metamorphic rocks. On the Earth's surface, 70% of the rocks are sedimentary, but only 5% are sedimentary if you count the entire lithosphere from the Earth's surface to a depth of 16 kilometers. Common sedimentary rocks are conglomerate, claystone, limestone, dolomite, shale, ferrophyrite, sandstone, tuff sandstone, phosphatite, siliceous rock, etc.

3. Metamorphic rock: refers to the rock formed by metamorphism of the original rock. Common metamorphic rocks are hornstone, phyllite, schist, quartzite, marble, slate, etc.

It can be divided into three categories: magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Magmatic rocks: Magma is a silicate substance that exists in a molten state at high temperatures and pressures beneath the earth's crust.

The pressure inside the magma is so great that it constantly moves towards places with low pressure, so much so that it breaks through the deep layers of the earth's crust, rises along the cracks, and erupts to the surface. Sedimentary rocks: Also known as aquapogenetic rocks, they are rocks formed by the unity of loose sediments such as detritics, colloids, and organic matter that accumulate in layers on land or in the sea.

It can be divided into three categories: magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

1. Magmatic rock: magma is a silicate substance that exists in a molten state at high temperature and high pressure under the earth's crust. The pressure inside the magma is very high, and it constantly moves towards the low pressure, so that it breaks through the rock layers deep in the earth's crust, rises along the cracks, and erupts out of the earth's surface.

Or when the internal pressure of the magma is less than the pressure of the upper rock formation, the magma is forced to stay and condense into rock. It can also be divided into intrusive rocks and ejective rocks (volcanic rocks). It mainly includes granite, diorite, gabbro, diabase, basalt, etc.

2. Sedimentary rocks: also known as aqueous rocks, are rocks formed by the unity of loose sediments such as detritics, colloids and organic matter accumulated in layers on land or in the sea. At the same time, it is also one of the three main rocks that make up the Earth's lithosphere (the other two are magmatic rocks and metamorphic rocks).

On the Earth's surface, 70% of the rocks are sedimentary, but only 5% are sedimentary if you count the entire lithosphere from the Earth's surface to a depth of 16 kilometers. Sedimentary rocks mainly include limestone, sandstone, shale, etc. Sedimentary rocks contain minerals that account for 80% of the world's total mineral reserves.

Sedimentary rocks mainly include limestone, sandstone, shale, etc.

3. Metamorphic rocks: The original rocks in the earth's crust (including magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks that have been generated) are changed due to the changes in physical and chemical conditions caused by crustal movement and magmatic activities, that is, under the action of high temperature, high pressure and infiltration of chemically active substances (water vapor, various volatile gases and hot water solutions), the structure, structure and even mineral composition of the original rock are changed in the solid state, forming a new rock called metamorphic rock.

Rocks can be divided into three main categories according to their genesis, including igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.

Igneous rocks are formed in the high-temperature and high-pressure environment on the surface or lower part of the earth, and are divided into volcanic rocks and plutonic rocks formed by cooling and crystallization of deep magma. Sedimentary rocks are commas formed by sedimentation and compaction on the surface or ocean bottom over a long period of time, including clastic rocks, chemical sedimentary rocks, bioclastic rocks, etc.

Metamorphic rocks are formed by high temperature and high pressure in the deep part of the earth's crust, including slate, gneiss, mica schist, etc. There is also a type of recrystalline rockmetametamorphosed recrystalline rock. Different types of rocks have their own characteristics and uses, and on the basis of understanding the genesis of rocks, we can better understand the tectonic and evolutionary processes of the earth, make use of geological resources, and explore scientific and cultural values.

Igneous rocks are one of the most common rocks on Earth, and they are also one of the most economically valuable and versatile rocks. Volcanic rocks are mainly distributed around craters or along fault mountain fissure zones, such as basalt, andesite, etc.; Plutonic rocks are widely distributed in the deep crust, and the common ones are granite, pyroxene, etc.

Sedimentary rocks are one of the most important structural materials on the earth, and are mostly used in fields such as buildings and roadbeds. Clastic rocks are formed by physical and mechanical actions, such as conglomerate, sandstone, etc.; Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition of dissolved substances in water, such as limestone and salt rock. Bioclastic rocks are composed of biological remains, bones, and other debris, such as marl, coral rock, etc.

Metamorphic rocks are formed by the action of high temperature and high pressure in the deep crust of the earth's crust, which has good mechanical strength and stability, and is an important structural material required in industrial production. In the process of metamorphism, the original structure and composition are changed, and various special rock types are formed, such as slate, mica schist, marble, etc.

In short, the classification of rocks according to their genesis is not only the basic knowledge of geology, but also a knowledge point that is widely used in practical work. It plays an important role in the exploration of mineral resources, construction engineering design and cultural heritage protection.