What is an intermediate state and what does intermediate state mean in college chemistry?

Valence is the property of an element that manifests itself when one atom is atomized with other elements. In general, the valence of valency is equal to the number of electrons gained and lost by each atom during compounding, that is, the number of electrons gained and lost when the element can reach a stable structure, which is often determined by the electronic configuration of the element, mainly the outermost electron configuration, and of course may also involve the substable structure composed of sublayers that the subouter shell can achieve.

When elements are combined with each other, the ratio of the number of reactant atoms is not fixed, but is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom. For example, a sodium ion (valency of +1, loss of an electron) must be combined with a chloride ion (valency of -1, gain an electron). And one magnesium ion (valency of +2, loss of two electrons) must be combined with two chloride ions.

If the valency algebraic sum of the ions of the formed compound is not zero, the cations and cations that make up the ionic compound and the outermost electron shell of the atoms that make up the molecule of the covalent compound cannot be made a stable structure. It is not possible to form stable compounds.

The concept of valency comes from this, then the number of electrons outside the nucleus of an element that are mutually combined determines the valency of this element, and the valency is set to conveniently represent the number of atoms that are mutually combined. When learning valency, you should be aware of the rules for elemental valency in compounds.

In addition, it is stipulated that the valency of an element is zero, and the algebraic sum of the valency of the positive and negative ions of the constituent positive and negative ions is zero, regardless of ionic compound or covalent compound. Ionic compounds, e.g., NaOH (sodium valency is positive 1 valence, hydroxide ion valency is negative 1 valence, and the mutual cancellation is zero valence).

Valency – the ability of an atom to form a chemical bond. are the chemical properties of the elements that form a stable compound in each other. (i.e., the ability to achieve a stable structure of the elements).

Note: The "valency" of an element is an important property of the element, which is only manifested when it is combined with other elements. That is to say, when the element exists in a free state, that is, when it does not combine with other elements to form a compound, the valency of the elemental element is "0".

For example, metal elements such as iron, non-metallic elements such as carbon, and rare gases such as helium.

1.In compounds, the valency of the element is specified based on the algebra of positive and negative valency and the calculation of zero.

2.The valence of the element is clearly marked directly above the element, and the plus and minus signs are always marked.

3.When the aerobic element is present, the oxygen element is written on the back.

4.In compounds consisting of metals and non-metals, when writing the chemical formula, the elemental symbols of metallic elements are written in front and the elemental symbols of nonmetallic elements are written in the back. That is, positive elements (clusters) are written in the front, negative elements (clusters) are written in the back, and only individual substances are exceptional, such as ammonia, acetic acid, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, ammonium acetate, etc.

I hope I can help you with your doubts.

Let's first explain what is called chemical state and free state. The free state of a substance refers to the appearance of a substance in the form of an elemental substance in nature, such as oxygen, nitrogen, etc., while the chemical state refers to the existence of a substance in nature in the form of a compound, such as Na is very active, so there is no free sodium in nature, only sodium in the chemical state, such as sodium chloride, sodium carbonate. Oxygen has both free and chemical states, such as oxygen in the air in the form of free state, and there are also oxygen elements in rocks, water, soda ash and other substances, so oxygen exists in the form of chemical states in these substances.

The state in which an atom is in a free state when it loses its outermost valence electrons is in a free state.

It is neither the most ** nor the lowest price of the sail.

For example, the most slippery low-cost socks of n are -3 price, and the most ** is +5 price.

And n in n2 is the 0 valence, which is between -3 and +5, which is the middle valence.

Story 44 "Killing the Yin Cao", episode 69.

Neutralization reaction: The two valencies of the elements move closer to the middle.

Let's take an example.

For example, s, the lowest price is -2, and the most ** is +6

At 0 and +4 valence between them, that is, when the intermediate valence state of S is +4 valence or 0 valence, it is said that the element s is in the intermediate valence state and the element in the intermediate valence state is both oxidizing and reducing.

The valency is already the highest, and it can only be used as an oxidant, such as Fe3+ The valency can both increase and decrease, and the element is at the lowest valence and can only be oxidized. element is at its most ** and can only be restored. element is in an intermediate valence state.

For example, sulfur has , +4, +6 valence.

where 0 and +4 are intermediate valences.

The intermediate state generally refers to the state of lower energy experienced in the middle of a reaction, and unlike the concept of the transition state, the transition state is at a higher point of energy and cannot be separated, while the intermediate state can be separated.

For example, the reaction A generates C and undergoes the intermediate state of B, then in the reaction energy curve, this is a wavy plot line, ABC is the minimum value, and the maximum value is the AB transition state and the BC transition state.

The valency of an element is between the highest and lowest states.

The general law of valency of the main group elements: the highest positive valence = the outermost number of electrons and the lowest negative valence = the outermost number of electrons - 8 (there is no negative valence for metal elements, and the lowest valence is 0) Special: F element has no positive valence.

The highest positive valence of the O element is +2 valence (present in F2O formed with F) and the lowest negative valence of the H element is -1 valence.

The subgroup elements are all metals, with a minimum price of 0 and a more complex valence of positive chemistry, but a maximum of +7

Look at the element is the main family, the number of the main family is its most, for non-metallic elements, the lowest price is the number of the main group -8, the metal generally has no negative price, the lowest price is 0Sometimes there will be special cases of elements, which require rote memorization.

A key way to execute middleware is through messaging. With middleware, applications can work in multi-platform or OS environments.

Middleware is a large category of basic software and belongs to the category of reusable software. As the name suggests, middleware sits halfway between the operating system software and the user's application software.

Middleware is on top of the operating system, network and database, and the lower layer of application software, and its overall role is to provide an environment for the operation and development of application software on top of itself, helping users develop and integrate complex application software flexibly and efficiently.

Among the many definitions of middleware, the most commonly accepted is the IDC statement: middleware is an independent system software or service program, with the help of which distributed application software shares resources between different technologies, and middleware is located on the operating system of the client server to manage computing resources and network communication.

Due to the importance of standard interfaces for portability and standard protocols for interoperability, middleware has become a major part of many standardization efforts. For application software development, middleware is far more important than operating system and network services, the program interface provided by middleware defines a relatively stable high-level application environment, no matter how the underlying computer hardware and system software are updated, as long as the middleware is upgraded and updated, and the external interface definition of middleware remains unchanged, the application software hardly needs any modification, thus protecting the significant investment of enterprises in application software development and maintenance.

**The name of the person who missed:

Shao Huaze hopes to help you.