How does glucose decompose and transform into microbial cells under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

When aerobic: the conversion equation is C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 = = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.

In the absence of oxygen: the conversion equation is C6H12O6==2CO2+2C2H5OH (ethanol) The principle of fermentation in the wine-making process

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Microbes and Respiration.

Respiration refers to the process of transferring hydrogen to molecular oxygen to form water or to other oxidizing compounds during a chemical reaction that undergoes oxidation in living organisms. Breathing produces more energy. If hydrogen is transferred to molecular oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration, and when it is transferred to other oxidizing compounds, such as nitrates, sulfates, carbonates, etc., it is called anaerobic respiration.

Anaerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms perform anaerobic respiration. According to the different compounds that accept the transferred hydrogen, it can be divided into sulfate respiration, nitrate respiration, and carbonate respiration.

Sulfate respiration is also known as sulfate-reducing bacteria, and the microorganisms that have this respiration are called sulfate-reducing bacteria, and they are strictly anaerobic bacteria. Sulfate respiration is an indispensable link in the sulfur cycle in nature, of course, hydrogen sulfide, one of the main products formed by sulfate reduction, will not only pollute the atmosphere and water environment, but also cause corrosion of buried metal pipes and building components.

Nitrate respiration, also known as nitrate reduction or denitrification, is a facultative anaerobic microorganism with this function. Nitrate reduction is divided into assimilative reduction and dissimilation reduction. The products of assimilative reduction are amino-containing compounds that are further involved in the synthesis of organic nitrogen in cells (e.g., the synthesis of proteins); The final product of dissolution reduction is nitrogen, which is returned to the atmosphere.

Nitrate respiration is an important link in the nitrogen cycle in nature.

Carbonate respiration, that is, carbonate reduction, is carried out under anaerobic conditions, and the microorganisms with such functions are methanogens, and the product is methane; The other type is acetic acid-producing bacteria, and the product is mainly or all acetic acid.

Carbon dioxide and lactic acid.

In living cells, such as mammalian muscle cells or unicellular yeast cells, glucose.

It has successively passed through the non-aerobic glycolysis pathway and the aerobic tricarboxylic acid cycle.

As well as the biological oxidation process produces carbon dioxide and water, releasing more energy to ATP (adenosine triphosphate.

The form is stored for the needs of life activities such as growth and movement.

In the absence of oxygen, glucose is simply broken down to produce lactic acid or ethanol.

Much less energy is released, and winemaking is a process of anaerobic decomposition. Industrially, glucose prepared by hydrolyzing starch with acid or enzyme can be used as raw materials for industrial production such as food, wine, and pharmaceuticals.

Yeast can perform both aerobic and anaerobic respiration When aerobic is present, glucose is completely decomposed into carbon dioxide and water, and a large amount of energy is released; In the absence of oxygen, the decomposition of glucose is not complete, and the products are alcohol and carbon dioxide, and a small amount of energy is released at the same time

Anaerobic respiration can only be performed in completely anaerobic conditions, and both aerobic and anaerobic respiration can be performed in some aerobic conditions. In the case of anaerobic respiration, the product is alcohol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid. The products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.

It is easy to decompose when heated under alkaline conditions. It should be stored tightly closed. After oral administration, it is quickly absorbed, and after entering the human body, it is used by tissues.

1 mol of glucose is completely oxidized by the human body to release 2870 kJ of energy, part of which is converted into 30 or 32 mol ATP, and the rest of the energy is dissipated in the form of heat energy to maintain human body temperature, and can also be converted into glycogen or fat storage through the liver or muscle.

Hypoxia depends on whether it is completely anaerobic or partially oxygen. The product depends on what kind of respiration it has performed. Anaerobic respiration can only be performed in completely anaerobic conditions, and both aerobic and anaerobic respiration can be performed in some aerobic conditions.

In the case of anaerobic respiration, the product is alcohol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid. The products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.

Alcohol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid.

There are three main pathways for the oxidative decomposition of sugars in living organisms: anaerobic oxidation of sugars, aerobic oxidation of sugars, and pentose phosphate pathways. Among them, the anaerobic oxidation of sugar is also known as glycolysis.

glycolysis）。Glucose.

or glycogen is broken down into lactic acid under anaerobic or hypoxic conditions.

At the same time the process of producing a small amount of ATP, due to this process with yeast.

The process of fermenting glycotogenol is basically similar, so it is called glycolysis.

A series of enzymes that catalyze glycolytic reactions are present in the cytoplasm.

Therefore, all the reactions of glycolysis are carried out in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis is the catabolism of glucose carried out by all living organisms.

The common stages that must be passed.

Reaction characteristics. 1. The whole process of glycolysis and quiet reaction does not involve oxygen.

2. Less energy is released in the glycolysis reaction. Sugars are metabolized by fermentation and can only undergo incomplete oxidation.

3. There are 3 rate-limiting enzymes in the whole process of glycolysis reaction. In the whole process of glycolysis reaction. There are three steps that are irreversible. These three steps are performed by hexokinase and fructose-6-phosphate, respectively.

Catalyzed by three rate-limiting enzymes, kinase-1 and pyruvate kinase.

Cells under anaerobic conditions, the former sunrise through the catalytic action of enzymes, glucose.

The process of decomposing organic matter into incomplete oxidation products while releasing a small amount of energy.

Process: Stage 1: Exactly the same as the first stage of aerobic respiration.

Stage II: Pyruvate.

Catalyzed by different enzymes, it is decomposed into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

or converted to lactic acid.

Some organs of higher plants can also produce lactic acid during anaerobic respiration, such as: potato tubers, beet tubers, etc.

Answer]: C Biodecomposition can be divided into aerobic decomposition and anaerobic mountain volcanic decomposition. Aerobic decomposition is carried out under aerobic conditions by the action of aerobic bacteria (including aerobic bacteria and facultative bacteria).

Anaerobic decomposition is carried out under anaerobic conditions with the help of anaerobic bacteria (including facultative bacteria). In the presence of sufficient oxygen, glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water; Under anoxic conditions, glucose produces a variety of organic acids, alcohols and methane under the action of anaerobic bacteria.

Yeasts, in the presence of aerobic and anaerobic conditions, break down glucose into carbon dioxide and alcohol, respectively.

When yeast has aerobic respiration, it breaks down glucose into water, carbon dioxide and a lot of energy.

When yeast breathes without oxygen, it breaks down glucose into alcohol, carbon dioxide and a small amount of energy.

Carbon dioxide is a common product of yeast in both aerobic and anaerobic situations, and alcohol is a product of anaerobic respiration.

So yeast, in the presence of aerobic and anaerobic decomposition, decomposes glucose into carbon dioxide and alcohol, respectively.