Under what circumstances did Bi Sheng invent movable type printing5

The juniors couldn't help but admire. A junior brother said: "There are more than 5,000 volumes of the Tripitaka and 130,000 wooden boards carved, and it can't fit in a single room, so how many years of hard work have taken it!"

If you use the senior brother's method, it can be completed in a few months. Senior brother, how did you come up with such an ingenious solution? ”

It was my two sons who taught me! Bi Sheng said.

Your son? How is that possible? They're just going to 'play house'. ”

You're right! It's all about this 'playing house'. Bi Sheng said with a smile, "Before Qingming last year, I took my wife and children back to my hometown to worship my ancestors.

One day, the two sons played with the house, and made pots, bowls, tables, chairs, pigs, and people out of clay, and lined them up as they pleased. My eyes suddenly lit up, and I thought, why don't I come and play at home: can't you just arrange them into articles by carving them into single-character seals with clay?

Ha ha! Isn't that what my son taught me? ”

When the brothers and sisters heard this, they also laughed.

But this is a family, whose children have played, and all the brothers have seen it, why are you the only one who invented movable type printing? The little junior brother asked.

After a while, the master opened his mouth: "Among your senior brothers, Bi Sheng is the most hearted. He's been thinking about new ways to improve ergonomics for a long time! Freezing three feet is not a day's cold. ”

Oh——! The brothers and sisters suddenly opened their mouths.

Bi Sheng: It's not a liter, it's a liter.

This is an encyclopedia, and you have to learn to use the encyclopedia in the future, and you can find out the basic common sense questions.

Hello, as an ordinary cloth cloth, the reason why Bi Sheng was able to successfully invent movable type printing is mainly due to his three spirits: 1Sense of Innovation:

Before the invention of movable type printing, Bi Sheng had already had his own in-depth research and thinking, and he wanted to create a more efficient, time-saving and labor-saving way by reforming the traditional way of writing. This kind of challenge and innovation in traditional ways is an important spiritual support for Bisheng's successful invention of movable type printing. 2.

Perseverance and patience: It took him a decade from the initial experiment to his final success, with countless failures and setbacks in between. However, even in the face of difficulties and failures, Bi Sheng always maintained a firm belief and indomitable perseverance, and finally won success.

3.Exploratory spirit: Bi Sheng has always had a strong desire for knowledge and curiosity, and often takes the initiative to explore various unknown areas and knowledge wheels and knowledge.

It is this spirit of continuous research and research on new things that allowed Bi Sheng to continuously absorb new knowledge and skills, and finally invented movable type printing with great success. The perseverance of the above three spirits is the key to Bisheng's successful invention of movable type printing.

1. Bi Sheng (972-1051), born in Qishui County, Qizhou (now Yingshan County, Huanggang City, Hubei Province), on Channan Road, Huaina, was an inventor in the Northern Song Dynasty.

2. Bi Shengchu was an engraver in Hangzhou bookstore, specializing in manual printing, in the printing practice, Bi Sheng conscientiously summarized the experience of his predecessors, and invented movable type printing in the Qingli period of Renzong of the Northern Song Dynasty (1041-1048) in Yinwang, and his method died before it was implemented. Bi Sheng's deeds can only be seen in Shen Kuo's "Dream Creek Writings".

3. The clay movable type and wooden movable type typesetting created and invented by Bi Sheng is a fundamental reform in the development of Chinese printing, a scientific summary of the long-term practical experience of the Chinese working people, and a great contribution to the cultural exchanges between China and other countries in the world.

Printing is an ancient printing method, which was invented by ancient Chinese laborers after a long period of practice and research, and this invention is one of the greatest technological revolutions in the history of printing. During the Northern Song Dynasty (1041-1048), a clay script (970-1051) was manufactured in China, marking the birth of movable type printing. He was one of the inventors in the world, about 400 years ago, than the German Johannes Gutenberg.

Printing was invented by the ancient Chinese people after a long period of practice and research.

Since the invention of papermaking <> the Han Dynasty, writing materials have become lighter and more economical than before, compared with turtles, paper, gold, and silk, but it is still very difficult to rewrite books, and it is far from meeting the needs of society. By the end of the reign of Xiping (172-178 AD), the Eastern Han Dynasty had seen the emergence of methods of copying and topography.

Around 600 B.C., people drew inspiration from printing and invented engraving for the first time in human history. The threads are printed on a smooth wooden board of a certain thickness, inserted into the manuscript, and the writing is complete, delicate, almost transparent, and the front of the manuscript is attached to the board, while the hieroglyphs are reversed, and the strokes are clearly legible. The sculptors carved the unwritten parts of the painting by the method of carving and turned them into a vivid font text, different from those that were carved into tombstones.

The invention of movable type printing provides more convenient conditions for the distribution of books, and provides conditions for the timely and effective distribution and printing of books. It plays an important role in disseminating knowledge and promoting the development of world civilization. Compare the advantages of engraving, printing, and engraving:

It takes a long time to print on engraving plates, most books take years, and the storage of plates takes up a lot of space and is often damaged by deformation, wormholes, corrosion. Printed editions that do not need to be reprinted are outdated.

Errors in the writing of the glyphs were also found in the engravings, which were difficult to correct, and it was often necessary to re-engrave entire fragments. This will avoid the drawbacks of the printed version, it can be at any time, and greatly speed up the production time. After the printing plate is completed, it can be printed, the text can be reused, and the movable type takes up less space for engraving, which is convenient for storage.

That's what the superiority of language says.

The invention of movable type printing was a technological revolution in the history of printing. Before the advent of movable type printing, books were printed by engraving. This method involves engraving the text in a fixed plate and then printing it one page at a time.

It takes a long time to engrave a set of book plates, the workload is large, and it is inconvenient to modify mistakes and mistakes.

Movable type printing is much more flexible, it liberates the single word in the template, becomes the use of flexible word mold, and changes the rigid printing method into a convenient and fast printing method in one fell swoop.

The method of movable type printing is to first make a single anti-character mold of Yang, and then according to the manuscript, the character mold is selected and arranged in the word plate, and then inked and printed. After printing, remove the font and use it again the next time. Don't underestimate the two small steps of "character mold removal" and "reuse", which reflect the characteristics and advantages of movable type printing.

The inventor of movable type printing was Bi Sheng, an inventor of the Northern Song Dynasty. Originally, Bi Sheng first used wood to make a lettering model, and the wood would swell when it was inked, and the handwriting would be blurred. Bi Sheng switched to using cement to make typing, and the printed handwriting was very clear, so the clay movable type began to enter the printing industry.

When printing, the workers first prepared an iron plate, on which the incense and wax were relaxed, and surrounded by an iron frame. According to the requirements of the manuscript, after filling the frame with movable type, the iron plate is baked on the fire, and the rosin and wax are melted, and then flattened on top with another plate. Wait until the rosin and wax have cooled and solidified, and a movable type plate is complete.

The worker applied ink to it, and it was believed that the orange was printed. After printing, the iron plate is heated on the fire, the rosin and wax melt, and the movable type can be removed. In printing, workers usually prepare two iron plates, one for printing and the other for typesetting.

The first plate is printed, the second plate is ready, and the two iron plates are used alternately, and the printing speed is very fast. According to the situation of the word, some commonly used words tend to engrave several, and the frequency of "zhi" and "also" will prepare more than 20, if you encounter a cold and rare word, you can use it with it, flexible and convenient.

Later, movable type printing was continuously improved. Wang Zhen of the Yuan Dynasty reversed Bisheng's habit of not using wooden lettering molds, and invented the wooden movable type technology. In the Book of Agriculture, he recorded in detail the methods of using wooden movable type for engraving, character selection, typesetting, and printing, which can be said to be an improvement of the character mold material.

In addition, Wang Zhen also invented the method of wheel typesetting.

He made two large roulette wheels with a diameter of about seven feet, and then put the wooden movable type into the grid of the turntable according to the classification method of ancient rhyme books, one plate for common words and the other for infrequently used words. The typesetter sits between the two roulette wheels, and can find the words by turning the roulette wheel, so that the selection and typesetting become extremely convenient.

Summary:After people's continuous improvement and perfection, movable type printing is becoming more and more flexible and convenient, before the emergence of printing presses, movable type printing has been the main printing method in our country and even in the world's printing industry.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, engraving printing was very popular. Legend has it that there is a master carver in the West Mountain of Hangzhou, known as the King of Divine Knives. He was known for his skills, but he had an eccentric temper and never took in apprentices.

At that time, Bi Sheng was still a child. After listening to others, he went to learn from the teacher. Seeing that he was smart and clever, the Sword King was very pleasing to the eye, so he made an exception to accept this little apprentice.

Bi Sheng gets up early and goes to bed late, and works hard to learn the carving technique early and brightly. Soon, his technique improved a lot. One day a few years later, King Shen engraved the orchid pavilion preface of the great calligrapher Wang Xizhi of the Jin Dynasty, and asked Bi Sheng to look at it and ponder.

I knew that Bi Sheng accidentally touched the teacher's arm, and as a result, the last line was carved into a zigzag. In this way, the entire board is scrapped. At that time, I didn't blame him for being so cautious that the king didn't have it, but Bi Sheng was sad about it for several days.

At the same time, he also thought, woodblock printing is so troublesome, can it be improved? Since then, Bi Sheng has been thinking about this matter whenever he has time. One day, the owner asked him to go to the street to buy groceries.

As he walked, he thought that he saw the stamps lined up in front of the stall where the stamps were engraved. He thought that if printing could arrange the required words one by one like engrave stamps, then it would win and not affect the whole lettering because one word was broken. He remembered the game of making clay figurines with his children at home.

Why Don Can I try it with clay? When he has free time, he makes squares out of clay and carves anti-characters on them. After drying in the sun, it was coated with ink, and sure enough, the words were printed.

Later, he asked the master who fired the porcelain. After firing, the movable type becomes hard and elastic and becomes movable type. When typesetting, movable type is fixed in an iron frame, so that the opening can be printed like an engraving.

Movable type printing not only saves a lot of material and time, but also greatly improves the quantity and quality of printing, making books more widely circulated. Bi Sheng's invention predates Europe by more than 400 years. He became the originator of movable type printing and made indelible contributions to the development of human civilization and the spread of culture.

Translations. The translation is selected from "Mengxi Bi Tan", written by Shen Kuo of the Northern Song Dynasty, compiled by Jing Fei, edited by Zhi Xuzhong, and published by Sanqin Publishing House in May 2018).

Engraving and printing books were not widely used by the Tang Dynasty. Since the five dynasties when Feng Dao engraved and printed the "Five Classics", the later classics were all printed with engraving.

During the Qingli period, there was a commoner, Bi Sheng, who created letterpress printing again. His method was to engrave the words in clay, as thick as the edges of a copper coin, to make a seal for each word, and to make it hard by burning it. Prepare an iron plate first, cover it with things like pine resin, wax, and paper ash, and when you want to print, put an iron frame on the iron plate and arrange the characters densely.

Arrange an iron frame for a board, take it and bake it on the fire, and when the pine resin, wax, etc. gradually melt, press it on it with a piece of skin, so that the words on the iron plate are as smooth as a whetstone. If you only print two or three copies, it's not easy, if you print a lot.

10. Hundreds of copies, it's extremely fast. Usually two iron plates are prepared, one plate is printing, one board is typesetting, this board has just been printed, and the second board has been arranged. The two boards are used interchangeably, and it can be done in a matter of seconds.

Each character has several seals, such as "zhi" and "also", and each character has more than 20 seals, in order to prepare a plate with duplicate characters. When not in use, use paper to label it, and each rhyme word is used as a label, and the word is printed and stored in a wooden grid. When encountering rare characters that have not been prepared, they are immediately engraved, burned with grass fire, and can be used in a blink of an eye.

The reason for not using wood to make the word print is because the wood texture is sparse, and it is uneven when it is stained with water, and at the same time, the wood and the medicine are sticky and difficult to remove. It is better to burn the mud to make the seal, and then use the fire to melt the medicine, wipe it by hand, and the word filial piety will naturally fall down, and it will not stick to the medicine at all.

After Bi Sheng's death, his handprint was obtained by my sons and nephews, and it is still cherished today.