What were the books of the Spring and Autumn period made of?

After ancient civilizations created the writing system, words were engraved on stones, clay, bark, and metal sheets used to write. Forms such as inscriptions or inscriptions occupy the vast majority of history. 5,000 years ago, the alphabet appeared in Egypt.

The ancient Egyptians wrote on sedges, a plant that grows along the Nile, and this book made of papyrus is the earliest book ever discovered. Initially, the words are not separated, and there is no punctuation; Sometimes the order is from right to left, sometimes from left to right, or even in turns. This type of writing in turn is called ploughing ox calligraphy, just like a farmer ploughing the field with an ox.

Flat books are written in a sturdy and durable medium, suitable for dissemination and writing.

Clay tablets, as the name suggests, are flat, dry clay tablets that are easy to carry around and marked with a pointed pen (possibly wet). From the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, it was a medium for writing, especially cuneiform.

A wax board is a wooden board coated with enough wax that a pointed pen can write on. They are all common writing materials in school, accounting, and note-taking. Wax plates have the advantage of being reusable, and wax can be melted and reshaped.

Tying some wax plates together may be one of the prototypes of modern books, such as manuscripts. [2]

By the 1st century AD, Greece and Rome used animal skins to record important content such as the laws and history of the state, and were as important forms of ancient books as the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty in China. Before the invention of printing, copies of books were made by hand in bold text, which was quite expensive and labor-intensive. In the Middle Ages, only a few churches, universities, aristocrats, and ** had the application of books.

It was not until the invention of Bisheng printing in the 10th century that books were widely disseminated as an affordable item for ordinary people. In the 1990s, with the popularization of the Internet, books have gotten rid of the limitations of paper, and e-books have become the development trend of future books with the advantages of small space, easy to disseminate and easy to preserve.

Bamboo slips, the Eastern Han Dynasty was invented by Cai Lun to invent paper

It seems that most of the books at that time were written on bamboo slips.

Because"Spring and Autumn".It is a literary work of ancient history in China, and it also refers to the historical stage of the first half of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in China, known as the "Spring and Autumn Period".

It is said to be due to the state of Lu.

The historian recorded the major events of various countries at that time by year, season, month, and day, and recorded the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter in a year.

The Spring and Autumn period began in 770 BC (the first year of King Zhou Luping), when King Zhou Ping moved eastward.

The year of the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty ended in 476 BC (the first year of King Yuan of Zhou), on the eve of the Warring States Period, a total of 295 years. One said that it ended in 453 BC, Han, Zhao, and Wei destroyed the Zhi clan, and the other said that it stopped in 403 BC, and the three families were divided.

The origin of the name Spring and Autumn.

The Spring and Autumn Period records the period from the first year of Lu Yin (722 BC) to the Duke of Lu Ai.

Fourteen years (481 BC) for a total of 242 years of events. Because the beginning and end of the historical facts recorded in the early radical line are roughly equivalent to an objective period of historical development, historians of all dynasties have taken the title of the book "Spring and Autumn" as the name of this historical period.

For narrative convenience, the Spring and Autumn Period began in 770 BC (the first year of King Ping of Zhou) and ended in 476 BC (King Jing of Zhou.

Forty-four years) on the eve of the Warring States period, a total of 295 years.

Historical books include the "Spring and Autumn Period" compiled by Confucius, and Confucius also revised the "Book of Songs"; The "Three Legends of the Spring and Autumn Period" that explain the "Spring and Autumn Period" are respectively the "Spring and Autumn Left Biography".

The Legend of the Sheep and the Sheep, the Biography of the Gongliang; the first country-specific history book "Warring States Policy"; "Wu Yue Spring and Autumn" centered on the description of Wu Yue

The rest is the works of the hundred schools of thought, such as "Analects", "Mencius", "Xunzi", "Laozi", "Zhuangzi", "Han Feizi", "Guiguzi", "Mozi" and ......

The Book of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period refers to a collection of historical documents that have been passed down since ancient times. The "Book of Shang", which has been handed down to this day, was taught by the Confucian Fusheng in the early Western Han Dynasty. Sima Qian said that the book came from Confucius.

Editing", but it looks like there is still a continuous collation and supplement to the "Wuluyuan Shangshu" in the Warring States Period after Confucius, because of the "Cover State Yaodian" and "Yu Gong".

and other chapters are undoubtedly works of the Warring States period.

The Spring and Autumn Period is an important historical document in ancient China, and its main characteristics can be briefly summarized as follows: Luna.

Chronicle: The Spring and Autumn Period adopts the form of a chronicle, arranging the important events of the history of the Zhou Dynasty chronologically to form a complete chronological history.

Chronicle: The main purpose of the Spring and Autumn Period is to record the political, military and diplomatic relations between the vassal states, reflecting the political situation and historical changes in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Righteous thoughts: "Spring and Autumn" emphasizes justice and pays attention to morality and ethics, reflecting the popular ideas of respecting the king, being loyal to the monarch and patriotism, and rewarding and punishing the emperor.

Ambiguity: The Spring and Autumn Period adopts some abbreviated recording methods, such as lack of year and unknown, which leaves a lot of blank space and uncertainty in its narrative, and also brings a lot of ambiguity and room for interpretation.

In short, as one of the important documents of ancient Chinese history, the Spring and Autumn Period is characterized by conciseness, righteous thoughts, chronicles, ambiguity, and chronicles. It is an important material for the study of ancient Chinese history, politics, and culture.

Spring and Autumn Classic, also known as Lin Jing or Lin Shi, is one of the "Six Classics" of ancient Chinese Confucian classics.

It is also the national history of the state of Lu during the Zhou Dynasty, and the existing version was revised by Confucius.

The earliest surviving chronicle in China.

One of the Six Confucian classics.

This book was compiled and edited by Confucius according to the records of the historians of the Lu State and the lineage of the monarchs of the Lu State.

It arranges historical events by year, hour, month, and day, and uses the Spring and Autumn Period to represent the four seasons, creating a precedent for chronicles.

For Confucius's "Spring and Autumn", "Mencius", "Historical Records" and "Book of Han" are all recorded.

Confucius's "Spring and Autumn" is a political science work that contains the author's profound political brothers' belief in repentance, which is the unanimous view of the pre-Qin and Meng, Xun and Han and Ma and Ban families.

After the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, scholars were mostly influenced by the view of the portal of ancient literature and classics, and began to regard the Spring and Autumn Period as a historical work, which led to the long-standing controversy over the nature of the Spring and Autumn Period.