What were the important manifestations of the development of productive forces during the Spring and

1 The use of iron farming tools – an increase in productivity.

Late Western Zhou Dynasty: Iron tools began to be used; In the spring and autumn, iron farming tools began to appear; During the Warring States period, the use of iron farming tools expanded. The use of iron tools shows that the ability of human beings to conquer nature has improved, and the arrival of the Iron Age marks a significant increase in China's social productivity.

2 The Universality of Ox Ploughing—A Revolution in Agricultural Power.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the use of cattle for ploughing was gradually promoted. The advent of the plough has greatly improved the efficiency of farming. The application of ox ploughing is a revolution in agricultural power in the history of agricultural technology in China.

3.Development of water conservancy and irrigation industry - to promote the development of agriculture.

The improvement of agricultural technology is mainly manifested in the improvement of water conservancy technology.

1) Irrigation technology: Mandarin trees have been widely used to irrigate farmland in the Central Plains.

2) Pond: The famous Shao Limb Irrigation Project (now Anfengtang) in the Huaihe River Basin was built by Yin Sun Shu Ao in the tenth to sixteenth years of King Zhou Ding (598 BC 591 BC), located in the south of Shou County, Anhui Province, which can irrigate more than 10,000 hectares.

3) Dujiangyan in the Chengdu Plain. During the Warring States Period, Li Bing, the Shu Shou of the Qin State, presided over the construction, located in Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province (formerly Guan County), is a large-scale water diversion hub project on the Minjiang River, and is also the longest non-dam water diversion project in the world.

4) Zhengguo Canal, a large-scale diversion irrigation area in the ancient Guanzhong area.

The original slave social relations of production could no longer adapt to the new productive forces, so a new relations of production appeared, the feudal social relations of production, which eased the class contradictions and promoted the development of the productive forces and society.

Manifestation. 1) Agriculture: Tools of Production:

The advent of the Iron Age is manifested in the widespread use of iron farming tools, marking a significant increase in China's social productivity; The significance of the emergence of cattle ploughing is a revolution in agricultural power in the history of agricultural technology in China. Water conservancy: orange trees are commonly used to irrigate farmland in the Central Plains; During the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu Xiang's grandson uncle Ao Xiu Shaobei; The water conservancy projects in the Warring States period mainly included the Dujiangyan repaired by Li Bing and the Zhengguo Canal repaired by the hydraulic engineer Zheng Guoxiu.

2) Handicraft industry: the smelting and casting industry has achieved cast iron softening technology, which is more than 2,000 years earlier than Europe; The achievements of bronze casting include the treasures of the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the lotus crane square pot, the gold and silver error technology and the carving and casting technology; The lacquer process adopts the clamping technology; The achievements of the textile industry include the fragments of linen cloth unearthed from the Chu tomb in Changsha; Other industries include boiling salt and winemaking; Handicraft Craft Monograph "Examination of Work".

3) Commerce: The Central Plains market is prosperous, and many cities are both prosperous commercial centers and political centers of various countries.

War, war needs to have enough material backing, including food, grass, weapons, personnel, talents...

These need to be supported by very developed productive forces.

The development of iron smelting technology, the use of iron tools.

The main manifestation is the extensive use of ironware

The application of ox ploughing and iron farming implements.

The social and economic development of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was mainly manifested in the following aspects:

1. In agricultural production: with the implementation of iron farming tools and cattle ploughing, the number of wasteland reclaimed has increased. Slave owners turned the newly reclaimed fields into private property and rented them out, and these slave owners were transformed into feudal Kaichan landlords and the landlord class.

and the peasant class was born, and the feudal landlord private land system was established.

2. In the social system.

Above: The social system began to leap from a slave economy to a feudal economy, which greatly released the productive forces.

3. In business: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, commerce was very developed, and local products from all over the country exchanged with each other. In the Central Plains market, you can buy handicrafts from the south, horses from the north, fish and salt from the east, and leather from the west. The concept of the city's commercial center was also born.

The social and economic development of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was mainly manifested in the following aspects:

1. In agricultural production.

With the introduction of iron farming tools and oxen ploughing, the number of wastelands reclaimed increased. Slave owners turned the newly reclaimed fields into private property and rented them, these slave owners were transformed into feudal landlords, the landlord class and the peasant class were born, and the feudal landlord private land system was established.

2. In the social system.

The social system began to leap from a slave economy to a feudal economy, which greatly released the productive forces.

3. In business.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, commerce was very developed, and local products from all over the country exchanged with each other. In the Central Plains market, you can buy ivory from the south, horses from the north, fish and salt from the east, and leather from the west. The concept of the city's commercial center was also born.

Extended Materials. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was the last Bronze Age in China.

Due to the use of iron tools and the promotion of ox farming, bronze tools gradually withdrew from the historical stage, and the use of iron tools and the promotion of ox farming also marked social productivity.

Significant improvements.

China's feudal economy has been further developed, especially in the north. The leap in the productive forces gave rise to the relations of production.

of the revolution. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Ida system.

Commons were gradually replaced by feudal private ownership of land, and finally established through national reforms.

A major development has been the introduction of measures such as keeping books of population and taxes, statistics of crop harvests, and so on.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the old system and the old ruling order were destroyed, the new system and the new ruling order were established, and the new class forces were growing. Hidden in this process and constituting this social change is the revolution of the productive forces characterized by iron. The development of the productive forces eventually led to the movement of change and feudalism in various countries.

The establishment of ideology and culture has also led to the prosperity of ideology and culture.

Due to socio-economic and political changes, the concept of etiquette in various vassal states has been renewed. Ritual jade and ornamental jade, which are closely related to the ruling class, have also changed, and the types of ornamental jade have increased.

Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period.

The main types of jade are: bi, cong, pipe, beads, pei, yun, charms, le, yi, ring, jue, gui, zhang, handle-shaped ware, ge, with hooks, mirror frames, daggers, etc., most of them are ritual vessels, and a small number are living utensils.

Characteristics Economic development presents leap characteristics: the productivity of the leap from bronze to iron; The economic form made a leap from a slave economy to a feudal economy. The economy developed in all directions, so this was the first period of economic prosperity in ancient China.

Impact: The level of agricultural productivity has increased significantly, and a large number of private land reclamation has been promoted.

accelerated the differentiation and decline of the old aristocracy, the commercialization of agricultural production, and the acceleration of the commodity economy.

development.

The symbol of the establishment of private ownership of land is that land can be bought and sold, and the mobility of land leads to the continuous consolidation and strengthening of the feudal land ownership system, and more people greatly increase the mobility of social classes through the transfer of land-based property, which is conducive to the improvement of peasants' enthusiasm for production, promotes the development of production, and makes the foundation of China's feudal economy very solid. The feudal centralized system promoted national unification and national integration and development, expanded Chinese civilization, and strengthened the national centripetal force. The establishment of a progressive system of electing officials and a bureaucratic system is conducive to the selection of qualified personnel and the enhancement of social level mobility, and has improved the quality and administrative efficiency.

The controversy in the ideological field has laid a solid foundation for traditional Chinese culture.

The performance of productivity during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period had the following three aspects:

1.Economic: the use and popularization of iron farming tools and cattle ploughing. The use of iron farming tools and the popularization of ox ploughing greatly increased the level of productivity, shook the economic foundation of the rule of the slave-owning class, and thus promoted a series of reform movements in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

2.Political: the emergence of two classes, the landlord and the peasantry.

As a result of the development of productive forces, slave owners converted the newly reclaimed land into private property and rented it out. These slave owners were transformed into feudal landlords, the people who rented land became peasants, and the landlord class set off a movement to change the law in various countries in order to establish feudal rule and develop the feudal economy. During the Warring States Period, the feudal system was gradually established after changes or reforms in various countries, and the rule of the landlord class replaced the rule of the slave owners and aristocrats, and the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class became the main contradiction in society.

3.Ideological and cultural aspects: the vassal states have changed their laws and tried to become stronger. The new landlord class promoted the reform movement of the vassal states, gave birth to various new ideas and cultures, and injected fresh blood into the cultural life of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the reasons for promoting the development of productive forces were ( ) the use of bronze farming tools, the popularization of ox farming techniques, the use of iron farming tools, and the implementation of the well field system ①b. ③c. ②d. ①

Answer: Combined with the knowledge learned by Li Xiao, it can be seen that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the use of iron farming tools and the promotion of ox farming technology promoted the development of productive forces, so it is in line with the topic; The use of bronze farming tools is inconsistent with the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

1.The use of ironware.

During the Spring and Autumn period, iron tools began to be widely used in the production field. The number of iron farming tools far exceeded that of wood and stone farming tools, occupying a dominant position. There are many types of iron farming tools, such as shovels, hoes, rakes, and shovels. 

During the Warring States period, people began to use plows drawn by two oxen for farming. Iron ploughshares (sharp agricultural tools installed at the front end of the plough to break the ground and plough the land) are mostly V-shaped, with a wide rear end, a sharp front end, and a straight edge, which can strengthen the function of piercing the soil. The invention of the iron ploughshare was a remarkable achievement, and it was a great advance in farming technology.

It marks a new period in the development of human society and a new stage in the struggle of human beings to transform nature.

The use of iron tools was still in its infancy during the Spring and Autumn period, but it marked a new stage in the development of agricultural productivity. As a new factor of productive forces, iron tools have created conditions for the development of mountains and forests, the expansion of cultivated land, the development of water conservancy and transportation, and the promotion of social production.

2.Cattle ploughing. Originally, in the Central Plains, a pedal tillage tool called 耒耜 (lěi sì) was used, and the cultivator used his hand to hold the handle of the plow, step on the blade with his foot, pierce the blade into the soil, and stir it outward to dig up a piece of soil.

Ploughing is to dig up the soil piece by piece, and the cultivator needs to dig a piece and take a step back. This backward and intermittent method of cultivating the land has a lot of force and poor effect. Legend has it that oxen were used to drive cars as early as the Shang Dynasty, and some people believe that there were oxen ploughing in the Shang Dynasty based on the pictogram of the original text of the word "plow" in the oracle bone inscription, but the argument is insufficient.

By the Spring and Autumn period, there is no doubt that ox ploughing was already in use. Because at that time, people often used the names "ox" and "plough". The use of oxen to plough, so that the cultivated land becomes continuous forward, with less effort and better results, is an important reform of farming technology.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, cattle farming began in the East, and after the Shang Dynasty changed the law, the Qin State came to the top, and cattle farming was also widely used. At that time, horses were also used to plough the fields. Due to the emergence of ox ploughing and the rise of iron smelting, iron ploughs appeared in the Warring States Period, and the combination of animal power and iron tools provided conditions for intensive cultivation.