What is the difference between lower and higher plants?

The general method of classification is as follows: embryos appear in the reproductive process of higher plants such as bryophytes, ferns, and seed plants, while embryos do not appear in the reproductive process of lower plants, such as bryophytes.

Higher plants do not have centrosomes.

The cellular structure already includes organelles, and lower plants do not have the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and do not have a reproductive system like higher plants.

Whether it has roots, whether it has stems, whether it has leaves, whether it has flowers, whether it has fruits, it depends on how it pollinates.

The difference between lower plants and higher plants is that they both have the structure of "embryo". To determine whether a plant belongs to a higher plant or a lower plant, the appearance is mainly judged from whether there are roots, stems and leaves, and cannot be distinguished from the height and size of the plant. Generally speaking, in higher plants, the differentiation between roots, stems, and leaves is extremely obvious.

But in the lower taxa of higher plants, such as bryophytes, the whole plant is phyllodes, without stems, and has single-celled filamentous false roots on the ventral surface of the phyllodes; Although mosses have the appearance of roots, stems, and leaves, they do not have the internal structure of roots, stems, and leaves. Although their roots, stems, and leaves are not completely differentiated, the most important point is that they all have the structure of "embryo", so they are all higher plants. Higher plants refer to higher plants that are more complex in morphology, structure and reproductive mode.

For example, they generally have the differentiation of roots, stems, and leaves, and the differentiation of various tissues and organs. In addition, it is important to note that they have the structure of "embryo" in ontogeny. Plants with these characteristics are called higher plants.

The plants we see with flowers in the middle are all higher plants. In addition, there are some plants that do not bloom, such as bryophytes that grow in humid environments, and ferns that grow in humid environments are also higher plants. The lower plants are a class of plants with relatively simple morphology, structure and lifestyle, and are at a lower level in the process of evolution.

They generally do not have the differentiation of roots, stems, and leaves, and the whole plant body is leaf-like or filamentous, and even a plant body is formed by only a single cell. Most of them live in water, such as Chlamydomonas unicellularonas, which lives in freshwater. Due to their growth, the entire surface of the water can be green.

There are also seaweed, kelp, etc., which live in seawater. Some of the lower plants are capable of photosynthesis on their own, such as the ones mentioned above.

The main difference is that those with embryos (structures with cellular differentiation) are higher plants. Embryoless formation is a lower plant.

The lower plants mainly include algae plants, and the main characteristics are: the reproductive structure is single-celled, and the zygote develops away from the mother and does not form embryos, so it is called embryoless plants. Higher plants mainly include mosses, ferns, and seed plants, and the main characteristics are:

The reproductive structure is multicellular, and the zygote develops into an embryo in the mother's body during development, so it is also called an embryonic plant.