The environment on which human beings depend is the geosphere

The lithosphere is mainly composed of the top of the upper mantle and the earth's crust, and the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere are most closely related to human beings These four spheres are interconnected and interact with each other to form the geographical environment on which human beings depend

Therefore, c

1. The evolution of the earth's surface environment and the birth of human beings;

2. Human beings are the products of the development, evolution and differentiation of the earth's surface environment;

3. The regional differentiation of the earth's surface environment and the formation of the three major human races;

4. Change the structure of the surface environment;

5. Change the rate of change of the surface environment;

6. It has changed the direction of the evolution of the surface environment;

7. Change the material cycle of the surface environment;

8. Changing the energy balance of the surface environment;

9. Consumption and destruction of resources.

The most active sphere in the Earth's outer sphere is the biosphere.

1. The biosphere refers to all areas on the earth where the impact of life activities appears and is felt, and is a general term for surface organisms, including microorganisms and their bottom-up environment, and is a unique sphere of the planet Earth. It is also the space where human beings are born and live. The biosphere is the largest ecosystem on Earth.

The biosphere is the main place where natural disasters occur, and it derives environmental and ecological disasters. The biosphere is the area on the earth where the impact of life activities is felt and is felt, and it is the general term for the surface organisms, including microorganisms and their bottom-up environment, and is the unique sphere of the planet Earth. It is also the space where human beings are born and live.

The extent of the biosphere is: the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere, and the surface of the lithosphere.

2. The main composition of the biosphere: it is mainly composed of three parts: living matter, biogenerated substance and biological inert substance.

Living matter, also known as living matter, is the sum of living organisms; Biogenesis are the products of organic mineral interactions composed of living matter, such as coal, oil, peat, and soil humus. Biologically inert substances refer to gases, sedimentary rocks, clay minerals, and water in the lower layers of the atmosphere.

The concept and essentials of the biosphere were first proposed by the Austrian geologist Hughes (in 1875) and refer to the whole of the earth's areas of life and its habitation. It includes about 10,000 meters above sea level to the biosphere, and refers to the entire area of life on Earth and its habitat, 11,000 meters below.

The most active sphere in the Earth's outer sphere is the biosphere. The biosphere refers to all areas on the earth that appear and feel the impact of life activities, that is, the general term for surface organisms, including microorganisms and their living environment, which is a unique circle on the earth. About 2 billion years ago, life was born on the earth, and the first life appeared in the ocean (hydrosphere), and then after a long period of evolution and reproduction, it formed a biological world that is currently widely distributed in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere, which we call the biosphere.

With life on the earth, it can be said that the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere together constitute the earth's ecosystem, of which the biosphere is the main body and the most active factor in the four major sphere systems.

Introduction to the Biosphere.

The biosphere is an outer sphere of the Earth that extends approximately 10 kilometers vertically above and below sea level. It includes air, land, lithosphere, and water on Earth where life exists and is changed and transformed by life processes. In the broad sense of geology, the biosphere is a global ecosystem that unites all living things and the relationships between them, including their interactions with the lithosphere, hydrosphere and air.

The biosphere is a closed and self-regulating system. Earth is the only known place in the entire universe where living beings live. The biosphere is thought to have evolved after the origin of life 3.5 billion years ago.

The earth consists of three inner and outer circles. The inner three circles are the core, mantle, and crust. The outer three circles are the hydrosphere, the biosphere, and the atmosphere.

The most closely related to human beings are the earth's crust, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. Without the earth's crust, man cannot stand; Without a water sphere, people have no water to drink; No biosphere, no food to eat; You can't breathe without an atmosphere. So you can't miss any lap.

The earth is made up of the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere, and the most closely related to human beings are the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. For the survival of human beings, all three circles are indispensable.

Humans and the atmosphere. The mass of the atmosphere is about one millionth of the mass of the Earth. Under the action of gravity, 50% are concentrated below 5 km from the surface, 75% below 10 km, and 90% below 30 km.

The main components of the atmosphere are N and O2, as well as argon, helium, krypton, hydrogen, xenon, methane, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone and water vapor, and some solid and liquid impurities. The Earth's spheres, especially the components of the biosphere, maintain a very close exchange of matter and energy with the atmosphere, so that the components of the atmosphere maintain an extremely fine balance.

For example, the current concentration of oxygen in the lower atmosphere is 21%, which is the result of the interaction between the evolution of the biosphere and the atmosphere over hundreds of millions of years. The presence of a certain concentration of carbon dioxide is essential for the regulation of surface temperature.

Humans and the hydrosphere. Solid and liquid water in the oceans and on land form a roughly continuous circle covering the Earth's surface, called the hydrosphere. It includes:

All freshwater, brackish water, soil depth, shallow groundwater in rivers, lakes and seas, as well as ice on the ice caps of the North and South Poles and glaciers on the continents, as well as water vapor and water droplets in the atmosphere. Water is a miraculous substance, and the reason why the earth has become a smart planet is the key factor. Water is indispensable to all hypotheses about the origin of life.

Water is indispensable for the creation and evolution of life. The special significance of water for people and ecology:

Water is colorless and transparent. The light required for photosynthesis can reach a certain depth below the surface of the water, and short-wave ultraviolet rays, which are harmful to living organisms, can be blocked. Meaningful for the evolution of life; It is a good solvent that provides the basic medium for the transport of nutrients and waste products in the life process.

Water has the property of high specific heat and high heat of evaporation, so it is able to regulate the earth's climate and temperature. The density is highest at 40C, a feature that controls the temperature distribution and vertical circulation of the water.

Humans and the pedosphere. Soil and rocks together make up the earth, but there is a difference between soil and rocks. Soils evolved from rocks and cover the rock surface.

It has fertility, that is, the ability to provide and regulate water, air, heat, and nutrients, providing the necessary conditions for the growth of plants.

Humans and the lithosphere. Here is synonymous with the earth's crust. Including the outermost rocks and regolith of the earth, the average thickness is 33-35km. The lithosphere is an abundant source of fossil fuels and mineral feedstocks.

Humans and the Biosphere. The biosphere is all living things on Earth. It has developed over a period of about 3 billion years.

3 billion years ago, primitive bacteria appeared; 2 billion years ago, nitrogen-fixing organisms that could photosynthesize appeared, released oxygen, and formed an oxygen-containing atmosphere 1.6 billion years ago; Multicellular organisms appeared 700 million years ago; Invertebrates appeared 500 million years ago; Mammals appeared 200 million years ago, and today a colorful biosphere of about 107 species has been formed. The biosphere is the largest ecosystem on Earth. It includes a range from 10km below sea level to 9km above sea level.

The main thing is the troposphere, what we call weather changes, right in the troposphere, without the troposphere, there is no life.

A student has summarized the knowledge of the chapter on the living environment of organisms as follows, please help him complete it

1) The sphere in which living organisms live on Earth is called It includes the lower layers of the atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the upper layers of the lithosphere

2) The earth provides a variety of living things and its destruction or loss is a key factor that threatens the survival of living things

3) There are two kinds of factors that affect biological life, among which sunlight, air, moisture and other factors affect biological life, while the interaction between the same species of organisms and between different species of organisms in the environment affects biological life

4) In the long-term evolutionary process, organisms have shown a certain degree of lichen in their living environment, which accelerates the weathering of rocks and promotes the formation of the earth's soil layer, which shows that organisms can also

3) The factors affecting biological life are divided into biological factors and abiotic factors, among which sunlight, air, moisture and other factors are abiotic factors that affect biological life, while the interaction between organisms of the same species and different organisms in the environment is the biological factors affecting biological life

4) There is a relationship between organisms and the environment that adapts and influences each other, and organisms show certain adaptability to their living environment in the long-term evolution process Lichens accelerate the weathering of rocks and promote the formation of the earth's soil layer, which shows that organisms can also affect the environment

So the answer is: (1) the biosphere.

2) Habitat.

3) abiotic factors; Biological factors.

4) adaptability; Affect the environment.

We already know that the Earth is made up of 6 concentric circles of different states and different substances. These layers can be divided into two categories: outer and inner layers. There are 3 outer layers beyond the Earth's surface:

The outermost gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth is the atmosphere; The liquid part of the earth's surface (including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, glaciers, etc.) is called the hydrosphere; The layer of life on the surface of the earth is called the biosphere. According to modern explorations, there are three main inner layers from the surface down to the center of the earth. It resembles an egg, with the thinnest outer layer of the earth's crust, composed of various silicate rocks; Beneath it is a thick mantle composed of mafic and metallic sulphides and oxides, of which there is a layer of asthenosphere in the form of molten rocks in the upper part; The central part of the earth is the earth's core, which is mainly nickel-iron, and is divided into an outer core, which is liquid, and the inner core, which is solid.

We humans live in the zone where the earth's crust, atmosphere and water meet. The properties and activities of the Earth's various layers are closely integrated to form a complex and organic natural system, which directly affects the living environment of human beings. Human activities also have an impact on it, causing it to change, and sometimes the reaction will endanger human health, destroy natural resources and ecological balance, and thus affect the survival of human beings.