What were the tools used by people in ancient times to build houses

Hemudu Residence.

Six or seven thousand years ago, the area of Hemudu was a swampland, when the Hemudu people built a house, they first laid a 1-meter-long wooden pile, and erected a criss-cross keel (ground beam) on the wooden pile, and then laid more than 10 centimeters thick floor on the ground beam, and then erected a column, a beam, a whirlpool, and a roof on the floor. The floor plays the role of moisture-proof, insect and snake resistance. It can be used to raise livestock.

On the floor is the living room. Judging from the height of the pillars, people are not yet able to enter and exit upright, but they have made great progress compared to nest dwellings. The size of the house and the internal structure depend on the number of residents, from the perspective of residential construction, the Hemudu people have mastered the technology of logging and processing into piles, columns, beams, slabs and other building components, and mortise and tenon joints have been used between the beams and columns.

Jointing, the floor is densely assembled with tongue and groove boards, and different mortise and tenon joints are basically in line with the force requirements, which are roughly the same as the late wooden structure, and the wooden components are engraved with decorative patterns such as double circles, straight lines, oblique lines, plant stems and leaves. Due to tool limitations, the processing appears rough. The use of pins and the invention of tongue and groove plates reveal that the ancestors were more proficient in house building technology 7,000 years ago, reflecting the perseverance of primitive people to conquer nature and transform society, and laying the foundation for the unique contribution of Chinese classical building wood structure technology to the history of world architecture.

The site also unearthed 6 wooden oars, 1 is basically complete in appearance, the outline is clear, divided into two parts of oar handle and paddle blade, a log is made, shaped like a long-handled leaf, the handle is engraved with a line combination pattern, light and practical, and the oars of modern pleasure boats are roughly close, it is the oldest one of the oars found in China at present. The oars and a pottery boat all prove that the Hemudu people began to use boats, rafts to carry people and loads, and float water to collect. Clause.

More than 200 pieces of wooden tools have also been unearthed in the third and fourth cultural layers, including knives, daggers, hammers, shovels, spears, bowls, tubes, small sticks, handles, spinning wheels, butterfly tools, etc., many of which are rare or unseen in other Neolithic sites. For the majority of production, the wooden hammer is a processing hammering tool, the wooden is a hunting poke, and the wooden bowl is a daily necessities.

Wooden handle is the stone tool to play a greater role in the appendage, small wooden stick is not only an agricultural point sowing tool, but also a collection tool for digging roots and stalks when collecting wild plants, most of the wood production has to go through cutting, cutting, cutting, stubble, digging and chiseling, grinding, painting and fire hardening and other processes, among which the bowl, tube, butterfly ware production is quite fine, the surface is polished, painted, unearthed when the oil can be seen, unearthed more than 20 wooden cylinders are made of the whole section of wood, similar to the bamboo tube, the inner and outer wall files are polished and clean, and the inner wall is also chiseled with a shallow groove, stuffed with logs.

Cakes, some wrapped around rattan strips, may be used as percussion instruments. In the second cultural layer, a wooden square well was found, which proves that the Hemudu people have mastered the technology of sinking wells. Many well-preserved wooden tools have been unearthed, providing physical materials for the study of wood tools in the world.

It depends on which era you are talking about, generally speaking, ancient times are feudal eras. At that time, hammers, shovels, saws, small saws, etc., anyway, what we have in modern times, what we have in ancient times, but there is no mechanization.

Stone, wood, this is the oldest building prop and the only one.

There were three main types of houses in ancient times.

The first type is a large family, which is basically made of wood and bluestone.

The second type is an ordinary farmer, which may be made of some reed grass, thatch, and bamboo. When done, a layer of thin mud will be applied to the surface.

The third type is made of pure mud, find some mud that is not particularly wet, and then insert some bamboo strips, or mix in some grain grass.

In the absence of steel and concrete, the ancients used glutinous rice, lime mortar, earth, wood and other materials to build houses through mortise and tenon and other technological techniques.

China's ancient architecture is a brilliant stroke in the history of architecture. The ancients took materials from the objects around them, and perfectly integrated earth and wood, so that the building had its own soul.

1.As far back as the Paleolithic Age, people had not yet mastered the art of building, and the most effective way to build a place to live was to find a cave.

2.By the Neolithic Age, people gradually built their own houses using local materials.

3.In the southern region, dry architecture is used to remove moisture and mosquitoes, while in the north, cave-dwelling buildings are mostly used.

4.The ancients used their ingenuity to build a house in order to make it stronger, and then they tried their best to make it stronger, so that they found other ways to make the building stronger, even without steel and concrete.

First of all, the first method is to use lime mortar, in the early days, the ancients already knew that lime mortar can be used to consolidate buildings, lime mortar is actually lime and sand, as well as water mixture, and the production technology and cost of this kind of thing are very low.

Although it can be used to strengthen buildings, he also has a big weakness, that is, his strength is not very good, it is difficult to build those very tall buildings, and this kind of thing cannot be used in wet environments, water is their biggest natural enemy.

Another method is to build with glutinous rice mortar, which is a mixture of glutinous rice and lime mortar, and its production method is to pour boiled glutinous rice into lime water, and then the two will produce a very strong adhesion after combining.

And it's much better than the first method, the walls built with it will be very strong, just like the Great Wall we see now is built in this way, with this method, even in ancient times without reinforced concrete, the house can still be built very strong, don't worry about it collapsing.

Another method is to build with rammed earth, which is also a building material often used by ancient people, and how is it made? In fact, it is a solid material formed by mixing red clay and coarse sand, lime blocks, and then seeing the pressure of gravity.

With the evidence of archaeologists, we will find that you have had rammed earth for a long time, although there were no bricks at the time, but they used their ingenuity to find a very strong material to build a building, and then they mixed stone with other earth materials and invented another new material, and then rammed earth came out.

In ancient times, houses were mainly made of wood, and the poor used bricks and tiles, and the poor used clay to turn them into bricks.

A house is a building intended for human habitation, social activities, or other purposes. It is the most basic means of subsistence for human beings.

Generally, like a pavilion, a frame is built with wood, and then the brick walls are burned, and the roof is covered with tiles. The poor had to cut the soil into pieces, dry the walls, and lay the roofs with thatch. Some places use bamboo due to different environments and needs.

Referring to the houses where the rural poor live today, the houses that the rural poor live in now are 108,000 miles better than the houses lived by the ancient landlords. In ancient times, the houses where the landlords lived were bricks on the outside and mud and grass on the inside. In ancient times, almost all of them were rural, and ordinary people in the countryside could not even afford to use bricks, and the houses they lived in were all mud and grass.

Referring to the houses where the rural poor live today, the houses that the rural poor live in now are 108,000 miles better than the houses lived by the ancient landlords. In ancient times, the houses where the landlords lived were bricks on the outside and mud and grass on the inside.

Architectural features:

1. Use wood as the main building material to create a unique wood structure form, which is used as the skeleton, which not only meets the actual functional requirements, but also creates a beautiful architectural form and corresponding architectural style.

1）.Before the Shang and Zhou dynasties: low productivity, difficult tools to extract materials other than wood, and China at this time was extremely rich in water, wood was easy to transport, so it was widely used in various populated areas.

2）.Zhou Dynasty Sui Dynasty: frequent wars, farmers fixed less farmland, most of them are displaced people, wood is widely distributed, easy to build, and has good earthquake resistance, plus the displaced people need to cut down forests to make land, wood has become the main body of construction.

3）.After the Sui Dynasty, the society was relatively stable, but the gap between the rich and the poor increased, the cost of timber and brick mud was low, and the woodworking technology was relatively mature, and the wood belonged to catering to the needs of the market.

2. Create a bucket structure form. The outwardly suspended bucket made of vertical and horizontal stacked short timber and bucket-shaped square timber is originally a transitional member between the column and the beam, and gradually develops into an integral structural layer between the upper and lower column grids or between the column mesh and the roof beam frame, which is an ingenious form of ancient Chinese wood structure structure.

3. Implement the standardization of single buildings. Ancient Chinese palaces, temples, residences, etc., were often composed of several single buildings combined and arranged into groups. Regardless of the size of the single building, its appearance outline is composed of three parts: the foundation, the roof and the roof

Below are the masonry foundations that support the entire house; Standing on the foundation of the steps is the body of the house, which is made of wooden columns as the skeleton, and the doors and windows are installed in the middle; Above is a roof made of timber trusses, with a soft and elegant curved roof, which extends out of the house on all sides, and is covered with gray or glazed tiles. The plane of a single building is usually rectangular, and in the case of special purposes, it is also square, octagonal, circular, etc.; The ornamental buildings in the garden can take the plane of fan, glyph, and ring. The roof has the top of the palace, the top of the rest of the mountain, the roof of the canopy, the top of the hanging mountain, the top of the hard mountain, the spire and so on, and each form has the distinction of single eaves and heavy eaves, and then can be combined into more forms.

The structure is mainly made of timber frames.

Ancient Chinese architecture used timber frames as the load-bearing structure of houses. The timber-framed beam and column system was initially completed and widely used in the Spring and Autumn period before the Common Era, and was more mature in the Han Dynasty. The wooden structure can be roughly divided into beam lifting type, bucket type and well dry type, and the beam lifting type is the most common.

The beam-lifting structure is to erect columns on the column base along the depth of the house, erect beams on the columns, overlap several layers of melon columns and beams on the beams, and then erect ridge melon columns on the topmost beams to form a group of roof trusses. The parallel two groups of frames are connected to the upper end of the column with transverse fangs, and purlins are placed on the beam heads and ridge melon columns of each layer to connect the frame and the bearing roof. Purlins frame rafters form the skeleton of the roof.

In this way, two sets of structures can form one, and a house can be one or more rooms. Bucket is the most special component of Chinese timber frame architecture.

Ancient Egypt and Babylon originally used it to build houses. By the time the Romans arrived, the technique of brick-making was very sophisticated. In ancient China, houses were also built using bricks and tiles, which were later fired.

Early bricks were formed and dried in the sun, and later began to be fired in brick kilns.