Types of ferns, what are the ferns

Ferns are the first ancient group of plants to land on land, and they flourished in the Paleozoic Era, since the middle Cretaceous angiosperms.

After the rise of the dominant group of vegetation on the earth, ferns and gymnosperms took a back seat, but more than 12,000 species of ferns were still left, and they are still in the process of continuous development and evolution.

Ferns are a natural group in nature and belong to the phylum Ferns.

It is divided into 5 subphyla, each of which represents an evolutionary line, and these 5 subphyla are:

1) The subphylum Pine Leaf Fern, which represents the plant Pine Leaf Fern;

2) The subphylum Lycopodium, the representative plants are Lycopodium lycophyus and Cypress.

3) The subphylum Cuneiformis fern, which represents the plant horsetail.

4) Subphylum leeks, which represent plants such as leeks;

5) True Fern Subphylum, Bottle Grass, Guanyin Lotus, Purple Root, Truss Tree.

Mistletoe, apple, acacia leaf apple, manjianghong.

and so on, all of which belong to the True Fern subphylum.

Academics usually refer to the subphylum Eufern as Euferns, while the other four subphyla are all referred to as Pseudoferns. True ferns have well-developed leaves, and there are sporangia on the back or edge of mature leaves, and many sporangia aggregate to form sporangia groups; The leaves of ferns are degenerate or small, and the sporangia do not aggregate into sporangia groups, but grow alone at the base of the leaf, in the leaf axils, or in the sporophyll leaf balls at the top of the branches. Ferns, which make up only a small fraction of modern ferns, are the remnants of archaeophyte ferns; True ferns are the dominant group of modern ferns, and most of the ferns we usually see are true ferns.

There should be many kinds of plants, such as Shijue, Manjianghong, Haijinsha, and so on.

The main groups of biological plants (ferns) of the Beijing Normal University version are taught in sections.

There are about 12,000 species of ferns living on the earth, distributed all over the world, and the common ferns are Lianzhu fern, truncated shield fern, lotus leaf iron fern and Emei ear fern.

There are about 2,600 species of ferns in China, mostly distributed in southwest China and south of the Yangtze River basin. For example, Lianzhu fern, truncated shield fern, lotus leaf iron fern and Emei ear fern, etc., are mainly distributed in Guizhou, Guangxi and other Yangtze River basins.

China's ferns are mostly distributed in the south of the Yangtze River, such as curly cypress, horsetail, bottle grass, iron fern, iron horn fern, scaly fern, short intestine fern, Venus fern, hoof fern, dog spine, guanzhong, kidney fern, generally terrestrial, epiphytic have mistletoe fern, book band fern, bouldering lotus, etc., aquatic manjianghong, Tianzi grass, halo fern (born on the beach).

The vast majority of extant ferns are herbaceous plants, but there are also some woody species, such as alder, which is a small iron tree-like tree, which was the main tree species in the forests of the dinosaur era and was also an important food for the dinosaurs.

In general, the leaves of ferns have the functions of photosynthesis, organic nutrients, and spores for reproduction (i.e., homotyped leaves). Ferns are the oldest terrestrial plants.

The plant body has a true differentiation of roots, stems, leaves, and vascular tissues. It has fallen under the category of vascular plants. The xylem only has tracheids, the phloem only has sieve tubes or sieve cells, there are no companion cells, no flowering, no seeds, mainly rely on spores for reproduction, and are still spore plants, which are also the main characteristics of ferns.

1. Lianzhu fern, the rhizome is short, and the surface is distributed with reddish-brown scales. 2. Lotus leaf fern, a clematoid plant, the leaves are distributed in clusters. 3. Emei ear fern has strong negative tolerance and can grow in a barren and shady environment.

4. Interception shield fern, mainly distributed in Guizhou, Guangxi and other places. 5. Bird's nest fern.

It is a shade foliage plant.

1. Lianzhu fern

Lianzhu fern is a water dragon bone fern, the rhizome is short, the surface is distributed with slender reddish-brown scales, the edge is long with cilia, the leaf length is about 50 cm, and the Lianzhu fern likes a warm semi-shady environment, mostly distributed in low-altitude streams, mainly grows in Taiwan within the scope of China.

2. Lotus leaf fern

Lotus leaf iron fern is also called lotus leaf desmodium and iron wire grass.

It is a clematis plant, with a plant height of about 20 cm, the rhizome grows upright, the leaves are clustered and distributed, round or round kidney-shaped, and the color is dark maroon, and the lotus leaf clematis fern can take ramets or spores for propagation.

3. Emei ear fern

Emei ear fern is a perennial herbaceous plant of the family Scaly Fern, which can grow to a height of 25-35 cm, and its leaves are distributed in clusters, showing an oblong or oval inverted broad-lanceolate, about 45 cm long, and the Emei ear fern has strong negative tolerance, and can grow in a poor soil and shady environment.

The plant is about 5 to 20 centimeters tall, the rhizome is very short and erect, the leaves are oval, kidney-shaped, about 2 to 6 centimeters wide, the top of the leaves is dark green, the surface is very smooth, and the edges of the leaves are roundly serrate.

The plant is about 36 cm tall, its rhizome is long and sparsely with pale brown scales, the leaves are ovate-triangular in shape, the leaves are entire, and the lateral veins are very distinct.

The rhizome is very short, densely long with thin and long strips of pale reddish-brown scales, its leaves are about 50 to 60 cm long or longer, the middle leaves are pinnate and semi-lobed, the edge of the lobes is full-edged, and the top pinnae are reduced and beaded.

Kidney fern, clemat fern, staghorn fern, emei ear fern. Earth. There are about 12,000 species of ferns that live on the island, distributed all over the world.

Nephrolepis auriculata ((L.)Trimen, alias:

Grate grass), Kidney Fern is an epiphytic or native plant of the family Renal Fern. It often grows and epiphytes in the stone crevices and tree trunks under the forest by the stream, prefers warm, moist and semi-shady environments, and avoids direct sunlight.

Adiantum capillus-veneris linn is a perennial evergreen herb, also known as wire grass and water pig hairy soil, because of its slender stem and wire-like color, so it is called clematis.

Staghorn fern, also known as elk fern, bat fern, staghorn sheep's tooth, is a staghorn fern in the water kelong family, and belongs to epiphytic ornamental ferns.

Ferns include: clemat fern, Boston fern, staghorn fern, bird's nest fern, button fern, etc.

1. Clematis fern

The fern is light and can flutter in the wind, and the shape of the leaves is delicate, and the shape of the leaves is a bit like ginkgo biloba, except that the ginkgo biloba is yellow and the clematis fern is green. To maintain the fern, you need to spray it frequently to maintain a high air humidity, which is suitable for having proper scattered light every day or keeping it in a bright place in a large sock land.

2. Boston fern

The Boston fern has beautiful, narrow leaves that look particularly fresh and has a good ability to purify the air, making it a good choice for indoor potted plants. Boston fern is suitable for keeping in semi-shade or scattered light environment, and likes a moist environment, in addition to keeping the potting soil moist, we should also pay attention to regularly spraying water around to humidify.

3. Staghorn fern

The staghorn fern is a very peculiar epiphytic fern, some varieties have particularly large leaves, and some of the leaves are like the antlers of sika deer, which is a very decorative foliage plant, and it can be seen in the rainforests in the south. Staghorn ferns prefer a warm and humid environment, and should pay attention to maintaining a high humidity environment in order to grow well, and are suitable for raising in places with scattered light.

4. Bird's nest fern

The bird's nest fern is also known as the "nest fern" because its entire shape resembles the nest of a large bird. For those who live in the southerly region all year round, the bird's nest fern is not too rare a plant, and in some places it can even be seen in the wild.

If you want to raise a bird's nest fern, you must maintain a warm and humid environment all year round, keep the potting soil slightly moist during the growing season, and avoid water accumulation in the soil.

5. Button fern

The button fern plants are smaller than them, and the leaves are clustered in clusters, a bit like buttons, and its leaves grow very neatly, and the leaves can stay green all year round. Button fern is suitable for keeping in a well-lit bathroom, or in other places with appropriate humidity, pay attention to maintain a high humidity and warm environment, the soil should have good drainage, and avoid frequent water accumulation in the soil.

Most of the common ferns in the current location prefer to grow in shady, moist forests. They are very shade tolerant and have a good ability to adapt to their environment. Common ferns include Iron Horn Fern, Lotus Leaf Iron Fern, Emei Phoenix, Golden-winged Phoenix, Nesting Phoenix, Kidney Fern, Horned Fern.

The font fern is a common fern. Its rhizomes are relatively short, and the leaves are generally rectangular, making it suitable for growing in warm and open places.

Emei fern is a common fern. It is generally 30 cm tall, the rhizome is short, and the leaves are generally linear, which is suitable for growing in moist soil.

Beaded fern. The Golden Retriever Boot Fern is a common fern. It is generally more than 3 meters tall. Its rhizomes are thick and the leaves are dark green, making it suitable for growing in moist places.

Emei ear fern. Kidney fern is a common fern. Its stems grow erect and its branches are light brown in color. Generally, there are few branches, which is suitable for growing in sunny places.

Golden Retriever Fern. The staghorn fern is a common fern. Its leaves are small, round and hairy, and it prefers to grow in the tropics.