In 1959, 12 countries, including Australia, signed an agreement on Antarctica

In July 1955, representatives of 12 countries, including Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, held an international conference on Antarctica in Paris, France. The parties to the meeting agreed to coordinate plans in the field of Antarctic scientific research in the future, and to put aside the territorial claims of various countries to Antarctica for the time being. In February 1958, Dwight D. Eisenhower of the United States sent a letter to 11 other countries active in the field of Antarctic research during the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), inviting them to send representatives to Washington, D.C., to discuss Antarctica-related issues.

Since June of that year, representatives of the 12 countries held more than 60 rounds of negotiations, and finally reached an agreement on December 1, 1959, and signed the Antarctic Treaty. The treaty entered into force on 23 June 1961. Summary of the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty Article 1 - The Antarctic shall be used only for peaceful purposes and all measures of a military nature shall be prohibited; Article 2 - Free scientific surveys of Antarctica and cooperation for this purpose shall continue; Article 3 - Free exchange of scientific information and personnel; Article 4 - Freeze all territorial claims to Antarctica and prohibit new ones; Article 5 - Prohibition of nuclear testing or handling of radioactive materials in the Antarctic region; Article 6 - Stipulates that the scope of application of the Treaty shall be all land and ice shelves south of 60° south latitude; Article 7 - Observers of States Parties shall be free to inspect all areas of Antarctica, including all stations, installations and equipment, and means of transport such as ships and aircraft; Each Party shall notify other Parties in advance of its upcoming activities in Antarctica; Article 8 - States Parties shall exercise jurisdiction over their respective observers and scientists; Article 9 - The Contracting Parties shall reach consensus on important matters relating to Antarctica; Article 10 - Efforts to deter States and individuals from committing violations of the Antarctic Treaty; Article 11 - Disputes arising out of this Treaty by the States Parties shall be settled peacefully; Clause.

Ten. II.X.

3.14 - Miscellaneous matters relating to the amendment of the Treaty, the admission of new members, the translation of the Treaty, etc. The main purpose of the Antarctic Treaty is to ensure that "for the benefit of all mankind, Antarctica shall always be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not be the object of international strife". The treaty prohibits "all measures of a military nature", not the presence of military personnel.

It avoids addressing the issue of territorial claims to the Antarctic region that have been made by some States but not recognized by others.

Answer]: A test point] The provisions of the Antarctic Treaty on the sovereignty claims of the States parties.

Analysis] The Treaty of the Southern Qing Dynasty is a treaty on the status of Antarctica signed in 1959 by the Washington Conference of the L2 countries. It provides that nothing in the Treaty shall be construed as a waiver by any of the Contracting Parties of the territorial sovereignty rights or territorial claims originally asserted in Antarctica; All acts or activities that take place during the validity period of the Treaty shall not constitute the basis for claims, endorsements or denials of claims to Antarctic territory by States. nor shall any sovereign rights in the Antarctic be created; During the validity period of the Treaty, States Parties may not make new claims to Antarctica or expand existing ones.

It is therefore a freeze on the sovereignty claims of States, not a waiver.

In order to protect the ecological environment of the Antarctic Reserve Area and ensure the peaceful use of Antarctica, in December 1959, Australia, Argentina and other 12 countries signed the "Antarctic Treaty", and China officially joined the "Antarctic Treaty" in 1983

So the answer is: 12; Antarctic Treaty; 1983．

In December 1959, 12 countries, including Australia and Argentina, signed the Antarctic Treaty, and China formally joined the treaty in 1983

So the answer is: ecology; Australia; Argentina

For the peaceful use of Antarctica, my country acceded to the Antarctic Treaty in 1983

Therefore, c

For the peaceful use of Antarctica, my country acceded to the Antarctic Treaty in 1983

Therefore, c

For the peaceful use of Antarctica, the Antarctic Treaty, the treaty to which Japan acceded in 1983

Therefore, b

For the peaceful use of Antarctica, the Antarctic Treaty, the treaty to which Japan acceded in 1983

Therefore, c