The difference between the central bank and the commercial bank, the relationship between the centra

a) **Supervision of commercial banks by banks (371).

1. The establishment of the head office and branches of a commercial bank shall be submitted to the head office of the People's Bank of China for approval after review; For the establishment of provincial-level branches of commercial banks or branches of cities specifically designated in the state plan, the head office of the commercial bank shall submit an application to the head office of the People's Bank of China for examination and approval; For the establishment of local and municipal branches, the provincial-level branches of commercial banks shall submit an application and report to the regional branch of the People's Bank of China for approval; The establishment of county (city) branches, urban offices, and prefecture-level branch business departments shall be applied for by the prefecture-level branches and sub-branches of commercial banks, which shall be examined and approved by the central sub-branches of the People's Bank of China and submitted to the regional branches for approval.

2. The inspection and supervision of commercial banks, including irregular inspections, annual inspections of financial institutions and special inspections, the contents of the inspections are mainly the legality of the establishment of institutions, the implementation of policies, and the operation of the institutions; Supervise all the business of commercial banks, including the supervision of their capital structure, the supervision of their asset-liability ratio and the supervision of risk assets, the supervision of the implementation of their credit plans, the supervision of their deposit and loan business activities, the supervision of their settlement business, the supervision of their interest rate management, and the supervision of their foreign exchange business.

3. The principal leaders of commercial banks must obtain the approval of the People's Bank of China before they can perform their duties.

4. In accordance with the provisions of the Commercial Banking Law, commercial banks must obtain the approval of the People's Bank of China before changing the name, place of registration, registered capital, equity structure and other major matters of the bank.

5. If a commercial bank cannot continue to operate due to various circumstances and needs to be terminated, it must obtain the approval of the People's Bank of China before it can liquidate and cancel the bank's legal personality.

2) Commercial banks are subject to the supervision of ** banks in their business (254).

1. Commercial banks shall determine the deposit interest rate in accordance with the interest rate range prescribed by the People's Bank of China when handling deposit business, and shall determine the loan interest rate according to the interest rate range prescribed by the People's Bank of China when handling loan business.

2. In accordance with the regulations of the People's Bank of China on the management of asset-liability ratio, the long-term loans, medium-term loans, short-term loans, interbank lending business, and treasury bond business of commercial banks should maintain a reasonable ratio, and the liability business of various maturities should also maintain a reasonable term and structure.

3. Important investments by commercial banks must be made in accordance with the provisions of the Commercial Bank Law and approved by the People's Bank of China in advance.

4. Commercial banks shall regularly submit balance sheets and other statements and other materials to the People's Bank of China, and accept the inspection and supervision of the People's Bank of China.

5. Where a commercial bank's violation of the Commercial Banking Law and other laws and regulations constitutes administrative liability, the People's Bank of China shall give administrative sanctions in accordance with law.

**Banks are both state institutions and financial institutions, and their main responsibilities are to issue currency, supervise the financial industry, regulate and control the country's macro-control, formulate financial policies, provide re-lending and re-discounting services to commercial banks, and participate in world financial industry exchanges on behalf of the country. It does not operate financial products for individuals and legal persons other than commercial banks, and does not operate for profit.

With the ultimate purpose of making profits, commercial banks operate various financial products approved by ** banks under the supervision of ** banks.

In China, the ** bank is the People's Bank of China, and there are three policy banks: the Export-Import Bank of China, the Agricultural Development Bank of China, and the China Development Bank (currently transitioning to commercial banks). All other banks are commercial banks.

Central banks are state institutions.

Whereas, a comptoir is a bank that aims to make a profit.

**Bank. The relationship between commercial banks and commercial banks is the relationship between government and enterprise, the relationship between deposits and loans, and the relationship between leaders and the led, and the difference between the two lies in the different businesses, different functions, and different purposes.

The People's Bank of China is the bank of banks, commercial banks are enterprises that deposit deposits and apply for loans from the People's Bank of China, and the People's Bank of China has a relationship of directing, guiding, coordinating, supervising, and inspecting the commercial banks; the People's Bank of China is the state's financial administrative management organ, and commercial banks are financial enterprises specializing in credit business, and must implement the guidelines, policies, regulations, and systems formulated by the People's Bank of China.

The People's Bank of China is the ** bank of the People's Republic of China, and independently implements monetary policy in accordance with the law under the leadership of ***.

Perform duties and conduct business, and are not subject to local ** and social groups.

and personal interference. The main responsibilities of the People's Bank of China include formulating plans for the reform, opening up and development of the financial sector; formulating and implementing monetary policy and credit policy; Organize the formulation of information development plans for the financial industry; Issuing RMB and managing RMB circulation; Engage in financial business activities in accordance with relevant regulations. The institutions directly under the People's Bank of China include the People's Bank of China Organ Service Center, the People's Bank of China Centralized Procurement Center, the China Anti-Money Laundering Monitoring and Analysis Center, and the People's Bank of China Credit Information Center.

People's Bank of China Clearing Center, China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation.

China Gold Coin Corporation, China Financial Electronic Corporation, etc.

The business objects of commercial banks are not ordinary commodities, but money and capital, and the scope of commercial business is not in the field of production and circulation, but in the field of money and credit, and commercial banks are not enterprises directly engaged in the production and circulation of commodities, but enterprises that provide financial services to enterprises engaged in the production and circulation of commodities. Commercial banks, as special banks, first of all, in terms of the nature of operation and business objectives, commercial banks are different from first-class banks and policy-based financial institutions, commercial banks are profit-oriented, profit-making in the process of operation, the principle of security and liquidity, and are not subject to administrative intervention.

**The characteristics of banks that distinguish them from general commercial banks are mainly manifested in the following aspects: **The activities of banks are not aimed at making profits. Profit-making is the goal of commercial banking operations.

Banks also charge interest and fees when they provide financing and transfer and clearing services to banks, but the goal of banking operations is not to make profits, but to formulate and implement monetary policy to ensure the realization of monetary policy objectives. Banks have a close relationship with the state and enjoy the privileges granted by the laws of the country. The main purpose of the establishment of ** banks in various countries is to formulate and implement macro-financial policies with the help of ** banks, manage and supervise financial institutions, and to achieve this purpose, it is necessary to make ** banks have a transcendent status and privileged status that ordinary commercial banks do not have.

This status is achieved by law, that is, the state has given the first bank a statutory responsibility, making it clear that it has relative independence in formulating and implementing monetary policy, and enjoys the privileges that ordinary banks do not have, such as monopolizing currency issuance, national treasury, controlling issuance, centralized custody of deposit reserves of commercial banks, setting benchmark interest rates, and managing financial markets. Banks have special business objects. Banks do not handle business with industrial and commercial enterprises and individuals, and their business objects are various financial institutions.

Moreover, the business activities of the bank involve macro-financial activities such as monetary policy, interest rate policy, and exchange rate policy, that is, the macro-financial field is the scope of activities. **Banks have high liquidity of assets. **Banks hold assets with high liquidity (cash, short-term bonds, some valuable ones that can be realized at any time**, etc.), aiming to flexibly adjust the supply and demand of money and ensure the stability of economic and financial operations.

**Banks do not set up branches abroad. According to the relevant provisions of international law, a country's ** bank can only set up a ** office or branch office in another country, but cannot set up branches, cannot issue currency in other countries, operate commercial banking business, and cannot have any contact with commercial banks in other countries. (2) Due to the differences in the financial system and credit mode of each country, the balance sheet of the first bank in each country is quite inconsistent in terms of the number of items and the content included.

Here only the most important assets and liabilities of ** bank are summarized in Table 10-1, which aims to outline the basic relationship of its business. **In the performance of the functions of a bank, its business and activities can be summarized by the records on the balance sheet. Banks are generally the only issuing banks for a country's currency, so currency in circulation is a major item of bank liabilities.

As a bank, the business relationship between it and commercial banks and other financial institutions is mainly the deposits (including reserve deposits) of commercial banks and other financial institutions listed on the liabilities side in ** banks and the discounts and loans listed on the asset side; As a national bank, its business relationship with ** is mainly listed on the liabilities side to receive deposits from the treasury and other institutions and listed on the asset side through the holding of ** bonds to finance **, as well as reserves of foreign exchange for the state, ** and other items.

Other (1).

The People's Bank of China, referred to as the central bank, is the ** bank of the People's Republic of China and is the *** constituent department. Under the leadership of the government, we will independently formulate and implement the policy of currency cultivation in accordance with the law, perform our duties, carry out affairs, and not be interfered with by local governments, social groups and individuals. It is an organization that handles major banks and belongs to a regulatory organization.

Commercial banks, on the other hand, are corporate in nature and pursue the maximization of profits in daily affairs. The most important affairs are to absorb deposits, issue loans, as well as settlement and clearing affairs, financial affairs, agency sales, bank card affairs, etc.

**There are also the following specific differences between banks and commercial banks:

1. The business is different. The main business of the bank includes currency issuance, centralized deposit reserves, rediscounting, appropriation of funds and foreign exchange appropriation, transfer and clearing of funds and transfer of funds for commercial banks and other financial institutions, etc.; The main business of commercial banks is generally divided into liability business, asset business and off-balance sheet business.

2. Different functions. **The main functions of banks are to formulate and implement monetary policies, and to lead, manage and supervise the activities of financial institutions. is one"A bank that manages financial activities"At the same time, there are other functions; The main functions of Shangfan Weiye Bank are economic regulation, credit creation, credit intermediation, payment intermediation, etc.

3. The purpose is different. ** Banks do not aim to make a profit; Commercial banks have made a profit for the purpose. The People's Bank of China is the bank of banks, and commercial banks are enterprises that deposit money and apply for loans from the People's Bank of China.

China's commercial banks are financial enterprises that handle deposits and loans, transfer and settlement as their main business, take profit as their main business objective, and operate currency. Compared with other financial institutions, the most obvious feature of commercial banks is their ability to absorb demand deposits and create money. China's "Commercial Bank Law" stipulates that commercial banks shall take "safety, liquidity, and efficiency" as their operating principles, and practice independent operation, bear their own risks, assume their own profits and losses, and exercise self-restraint.

The functions of commercial banks are as follows: (1) acting as a credit intermediary (2) acting as a payment intermediary, on the basis of handling liability business, commercial banks play the role of payment intermediary by handling currency settlement, currency receipt and payment, currency exchange, deposit transfer and other business for customers. When commercial banks handle payment, settlement, and other business for their customers, the main way is to transfer and transfer between accounts, so as to save the use of cash and reduce circulation costs to the greatest extent, speed up the settlement process and the turnover of monetary capital, and provide favorable conditions for the smooth progress of socialized large-scale production.

3) Credit creation function Commercial banks are by absorbing demand deposits, issuing loans, on the basis of check circulation and transfer settlement, loans are converted into deposits, increasing the capital of commercial banks, and finally in the entire banking system, forming derivative deposits several times the original deposits, giving full play to the function of credit creation, and expanding the amount of social money. (4) Financial servicesFinancial services refer to the special status and advantages of commercial banks in the national economy, with the help of advanced means and tools such as computers and computers, to provide customers with information consultation, financing, trust leasing.

** Difference between bank and commercial bank: The essence is different, ** bank refers to the People's Bank of China, which is the *** constituent department of the People's Republic of China, and does not accept deposits, loans and other businesses; A commercial bank is a type of bank that accepts deposits, loans, and other businesses; The functions of commercial banks are different, ** banks formulate various financial policies and supervise commercial banks, and the functions of commercial banks are to regulate the economy, credit creation, credit intermediation, payment intermediation, etc.

The bank is the issuing bank, the bank of the bank, and the bank of the bank, which is the most typical summary of the functions of the bank. Issuing bank. It refers to the privilege granted by the state to the bank to concentrate and monopolize the issuance of currency, and the bank is the only currency issuing institution in the country.

Banks of banks. It means that as the country's financial management institution, the bank occupies a leading position in the entire financial system, and conducts deposits, loans, foreign exchange and other business transactions with commercial banks and other financial institutions. The bank refers to the bank that implements monetary and financial policies on behalf of the state, manages the fiscal revenue and expenditure on behalf of the state, and provides various financial services for the bank.

Supervision and management of finance is generally carried out by banks or banks and other financial institutions. After the economic crisis, the management function of the bank has been continuously strengthened, and the content has gradually expanded. Banks not only effectively manage the daily activities of financial institutions in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, but also with the rise and development of the financial market after World War II, banks have incorporated the management of the financial market into the scope of their own supervision, so as to provide a stable financing place for economic development.

Public service functions. This is the financial service provided by **bank in the capacity of bank to **, banks and other financial institutions. The services provided by the Bank to ** mainly include:

Financing to the treasury: Treasury revenue and expenditure business: issuance of treasury bonds, repayment of principal and interest when bonds mature; For the state to manage foreign exchange and other international reserves, etc.

**The services provided by banks to banks and other financial institutions mainly include: custody of deposit reserves of banks; financing for financial institutions; Handle payment and clearing business; providing services to the society, etc.