What were the laws of agriculture in ancient China?

<> the farming methods of ancient agriculture in China, marked by the development of production tools, it is divided into three stages: slash-and-burn farming, stone tool cultivation and hoeing, and iron plough and ox farming.

1. Slash-and-burn farming: It is a residual agricultural management method in the Neolithic Age, also known as migration agriculture, which is a primitive farming system;

2. Stone tool cultivation and hoeing: With the use of a large number of bone and stone tools, people have broken away from the slash-and-burn farming method and entered the stage of "slash-and-burn" agriculture;

3. Iron plough ox ploughing: With the beginning of the use of iron farming tools in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the widespread use of iron farming tools in the Warring States Period, the level of agricultural productivity has also made a qualitative leap. The emergence and initial popularization of ox farming in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, coupled with new advances in irrigation and fertilization technology, greatly improved the level of agricultural production in ancient China.

The main characteristics are male farming and weaving, a combination of agriculture and cottage industry, and self-sufficiency. In addition, it has the following features:

1. Mainly planting, supplemented by livestock breeding;

2. Borrowing ox ploughing and continuous improvement of production tools and production technology, the production mode of intensive cultivation is becoming more and more perfect;

3. Possess the business mode of "male ploughing and female weaving" in which the ministry divides the land, operates agriculture as a family unit, and combines agricultural farming with cottage industry;

4. The landlord's private ownership of land is the dominant land ownership system of loose potatoes, which is also a characteristic of China's ancient agricultural economy.

The ancient agrarian economy was a small-scale peasant economy.

It is characterized by dispersion, and the product produced is used for its own consumption or most of it for its own consumption, rather than for commodity exchange, and it is a self-sufficient natural economy.

History: The individual economy in agriculture linked to hand tools and engaged in the management of small plots of land.

The yeoman peasants in the slave society, the feudal society and the capitalist society are typical small-scale peasant economies, and the tenant farmers in the feudal society also belong to the small-scale peasant economy.

The small-scale peasant economy operates on a small scale and has simple production conditions, and can exist and reproduce under relatively poor natural conditions; And because it takes the family as the unit of production and life, it is easy to achieve a balance between production and consumption through diligence and thrift, so the small-scale peasant economy has a stable aspect.

However, due to the small scale of operation and the lack of accumulation and reserve capacity, it cannot withstand the wind and waves.

Under the conditions of severe natural disasters, heavy rents and forced labor of the feudal landlord class, exploitation by merchants and usurers, and mergers of feudal landlords, polarization often occurred.

Except for a small number of people who can make a fortune because of their relatively superior production conditions, their family life is less burdened, or because of favorable market conditions, the majority of people are often impoverished and bankrupt.

As a result, the smallholder economy is very unstable.

The small-scale peasant economy of yeoman farmers and tenant farmers was the prevailing economic form in feudal society.

The rise and fall of yeoman farmers was of great significance to the feudal economy.

Generally speaking, through peasant warfare or other forms of adjustment of production relations, the productive forces can be developed by increasing the number of yeoman farmers in large numbers.

In the opposite case, there will also be the opposite result.

In capitalist society, there is still a small peasant economy.

However, with the development of the industrial revolution, in some industrially developed countries, a part of the individual economy in agriculture, although still based on family labor, has developed into socialized large-scale production linked to advanced technology and equipment, and does not belong to the category of small-scale peasant economy.

Ancient society developed from "slash-and-burn" to "stone tool hoeing"; Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, iron plough ox ploughing has become the cultivation method and main farming method of traditional Chinese agriculture. Intensive cultivation has also become a feature.

Characteristics: The biggest feature of China's traditional agrarian economy is the self-sufficient feudal natural small-scale peasant economy. The self-sufficient feudal natural small-scale peasant economy, which may be too generalized, has many specific characteristics, in addition to the continuity, pluralistic structure and precociousness, there are also closedness, moderation, patience, blindness, complementarity, fragility and tenacity.

First of all, let's talk about the closedness, China's traditional agricultural economy is a self-sufficient natural economy, with a family as a unit, men and women weaving, small scale of operation, the production of products to meet their own needs for the purpose, no need for market and commodity exchange. The market as a commodity trading place, ever-changing, at the same time in the market trading people from all over the world, itself is a good place for information dissemination, because people and the market contact is very small, for the outside world changes only through people's hearsay to perceive, so the closure is inevitable. At the same time, the agrarian economy was dominated by iron ploughs and oxen farming, and people were bound to the land most of the time, so they had less interaction with society.

Combining the above two factors, it is self-evident that China's traditional agrarian economy is closed.

Economic system: Ancient China belonged to a self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy dominated by male farmers and female weavers.

Smallholder economy, self-sufficient.

Men and women weave and are self-sufficient.

Farming methods: 1 Slash-and-burn (one of the main farming methods of primitive agriculture) tools are stone axes, wooden rakes (lei), bone rakes.

Mainly. 2 Shang and Zhou had tools made of bronze products.

3 During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the technology of iron smelting improved, and iron farming tools replaced the previous tools, so that the agricultural farming method of borrowing iron farming tools and ox power appeared, so that the agricultural production mode of intensive cultivation was increasingly perfected.

4 In summary, due to the progress of production tools, the ancient farming methods were: Qianlian Qiyun (Shang and Zhou.

Large-scale tools, simple collective action), individual farming (ancient subjects).

Land system: 1 Public ownership of land (primitive society).

2 Shang and Zhou Jingtian system (semi-public and half-private, land belongs to the state in name and to the aristocracy in substance).

3 From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, private ownership of land (including private ownership of land by monarchs, landlords, and yeoman farmers).

The basic characteristics of the agricultural economy are: 1. Crop farming is the mainstay, supplemented by livestock breeding.

2. Borrowing oxen power to plough the fields and constantly improving production tools and production technology, the agricultural production mode of intensive cultivation has been increasingly perfected.

3 With the advancement of production tools and farming techniques and the advent of private land, the yeoman economy emerged, with the family unit running agriculture, combined with cottage industry, and the male farmer and the female weaver style of management.

4 The southward shift of the economic center of gravity highlights the imbalance in economic development and the need for complementarity.

Intensive cultivation, feudal landlord land private ownership system, land state ownership system, male farming and female weaving, self-sufficiency.

The farming method is ox ploughing·· It is characterized by a self-sufficient natural economy. That's simple enough... Forehead.

Go check it out, it's comprehensive.