Do you know the main ideas of Kant?

Kant's ideas are mainly in philosophy, politics, religion and ethics.

1. Immanuel Kant, whose full name is Immanuel Kant, is the founder of German classical philosophy and one of the most influential thinkers in the West. Kant had his own school of thought and had a number of works, the three core of which are collectively known as the "Three Critiques", namely the Critique of Pure Reason

Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgment

2. Kant's lifelong exploration of knowledge can be marked by 1770 and can be divided into two stages: the early period mainly studied natural science, and the later period mainly studied philosophy. The main achievements of the early period were the General History of Nature and the Theory of Celestial Bodies, published in 1755

The nebula hypothesis of the origin of the solar system was proposed. In the nine years that followed, starting in 1781, Kant published a series of great works covering a wide range of fields and originality, which brought about a revolution in the philosophical thinking of the time.

3. This analysis of the human cognitive capacity itself enters epistemology.

because this analysis itself is already a kind of awareness. The general question of epistemology posed by Kant in the Critique of Pure Reason is: How is a priori synthetic judgment possible?

In his view, all knowledge is based on judgment, because a single appearance or concept does not matter whether it is true or false, and only when two appearances or concepts are connected to form a judgment (such as "this flower is red") can there be a question of truth or falsehood, and only then can knowledge be constituted.

Kant's writings can be summarized in the following four questions:

1. What can I recognize?

2. What should I do?

3. What do I hope for?

4. What is a human being?

It is Kant's epistemological view of these four questions that addresses these four questions:

Kant believed that knowledge is acquired by human beings through both the senses and reason.

Experience is necessary for the production of knowledge, but it is not the only element. To convert experience into knowledge, reason is required (Kant, like Aristotle, called this reason "categories"), and reason is innate. Human beings gain experience of the outside world through the framework of categories, and the world cannot be perceived without categories.

Thus category is as necessary as experience for the acquisition of knowledge. But there are also factors in the human realm that can change the way man thinks about the world, and he realizes that things are different from what people see, and that people can never know for sure what things really are.

In terms of the law of cause and effect, Kant proposed the categorical imperative and the hypothetical imperative, arguing that the law of cause and effect is the result of human reason, and he agreed with Hume that the law of cause and effect does not come from experience, but he believed that the law of nature could be proved, because the law of nature is the law of human cognition. The law of cause and effect is actually a manifestation of human reason.

Kant summarized three a priori moral principles:

1. "Act only according to the rules that you can also become a universal law." This is a formal generalizable requirement of moral principles. The inevitability of the categorical imperative, expressed in the form of a predicative judgment, as an innate comprehensive proposition, does not come from the premise or from experience, and its inevitability, restraint, and coercive force can only come from the universality of the code of conduct conforming to the law.

Under this condition, the substitution of "what should I do" and the subject-person will not affect the content of the object in any way.

2. "Whoever is not at all time should regard oneself and others as mere tools, but should always regard oneself as an end." "This is a requirement of the Code of Ethics in terms of materials. It is derived from the first criterion.

Each person thinks that his or her existence is an end in itself, and that it has value. Therefore, by the principle of universalization, he should also treat other rational beings in the same way.

3. "All norms are legislated to be consistent with the kingdom of possible destinations, as in the kingdom of nature." "This is a complete set of guidelines as a whole. The meaning it expresses is actually "self-discipline of the will":

Man is both the maker and the enforcer of the moral law. Therefore, man is free. Animals are at the mercy of instincts, while man is governed by the moral law, overcoming the domination of desires and thus transcending man.

As Tilly puts it: "The moral law expresses man's innermost self, and the moral law is his command, the command of every rational man." Man demands observance of the moral law, that is, his self-discipline.

Further reading: Immanuel Kant (German: Immanuel Kant, April 22, 1724 - February 12, 1804), born and died in Königsberg, Germany, German philosopher, writer, founder of German classical philosophy, his doctrine deeply influenced modern Western philosophy, and opened many schools of German classical philosophy and Kantianism. Immanuel Kant was the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment and a representative figure of German thought.

He reconciled René Descartes' rationalism with Francis Bacon's empiricism, and is considered one of the most influential thinkers in the West after Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

To borrow the words of the thinker Engels: "Kant opened the first gap in this idea, which is perfectly suited to a metaphysical way of thinking, and in a very scientific way." Thus, to summarize Immanuel Kant's views on religion, philosophy, astronomy, and political science, his main points are:

A scientific metaphysical way of thinking.

The point of view of Kant's philosophy is simply that man can never understand the nature of the world, which is prescribed by man at birth; For the sake of moral necessity, God must be suspended.

Immanuel Kant was the founder of classical German philosophy, and he believed that we can only know what natural science allows us to know, not that things affect people, but that people are influencing things, and that people are more important than things themselves.

Human beings are not a pure white piece of paper from birth, and they are born with concepts such as logic, time, and space. With these concepts, it is possible to understand the world from nothing, which is a process of accumulating experience.

Let me tell you a little bit about it in my own words. Kant, the founder of German classical idealism philosophy, is agnostic, he reconciled the contradiction between empiricism and rationalism, he believes that the origin of the world is the unknowable self-body, human reason can not know, and man's innate intuitive form time and space correspond to mathematical algebra and geometry respectively, and man's cognitive ability produces perception due to the action of things and our senses, and then intellectually uses categories to sort out these messy materials and make them inevitable scientific knowledge. From this point, it can be seen that man does not passively face the world, but uses his intellect to legislate for the natural world, which can also be seen that Kant greatly mobilized the initiative of man's subjective conception, and in the face of the skepticism Hume's destruction of natural science, he saved natural science, and also broke the mechanism of continental dictatorship.

However, it is impossible for human beings to know the object itself, and when human reason tries to understand the object itself, it will lead to illusions and contradictions. Here he limits human reason and leaves ground for religion! All hand-hit.

Kant's ideological propositions are mainly on the following points: 1. Philosophy; 2. Political aspects; 3. Religion; 4. Ethics.

1. Philosophical aspects:

Kant "critically" studied man's cognitive capacity and its scope and limits, dividing the world into the world of "phenomena" and "things in themselves"; Human cognition is divided into three links: "perceptual", "intellectual" and "rational", and the concept of "innate comprehensive judgment" is proposed.

2. Political aspects;

Kant, a liberal who supported the French Revolution and the republican form of government, published in 1795 is probably Kant's last far-reaching work for mankind, in which he put forward ideas such as world citizenship, a world federation, and the principle of a sovereign state of non-interference in internal affairs.

3. Religion;

On the subject of religion, Kant acknowledges that neither experience nor reason can prove the existence of God. But he argues that in order to maintain morality, we must assume the existence of God and the soul. He called these beliefs "practical assumptions," i.e., a hypothesis that cannot be proved, but which must be true for the sake of practice.

4. Ethics.

Kant rejects the notion that the will is governed by external factors, and instead argues that the will legislates for itself, and that the human ability to distinguish between right and wrong is innate, not acquired.