What are the types of stepper motors and their basic principles?

A stepper motor is an actuator that converts electrical impulses into angular displacement. When the stepper driver receives a pulse signal, it drives the stepper motor to rotate at a fixed angle (called the "step angle") in a set direction, and its rotation is to run step by step at a fixed angle. The angular displacement can be controlled by controlling the number of pulses, so as to achieve the purpose of accurate positioning; At the same time, the speed and acceleration of the motor can be controlled by controlling the pulse frequency, so as to achieve the purpose of speed regulation.

Stepper motors can be roughly divided into the following types:

Permanent magnet stepper motor: generally two-phase, small torque and volume;

Reactive stepper motor: generally three-phase, which can achieve large torque output;

Hybrid stepper motor: refers to a motor that combines the advantages of permanent magnet and reactive, and it is divided into two-phase and five-phase. This is currently the most widely used stepper motor.

There are three types of stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB).

The permanent magnet stepping is generally two-phase, the torque and volume are small, and the stepping angle is generally 15 degrees or 15 degrees; Reactive stepping is generally three-phase, which can achieve high torque output, and the step angle is generally degrees, but the noise and vibration are large. In developed countries such as Europe and the United States, it has been eliminated in the 80s; Hybrid stepping refers to a mixture of the advantages of permanent magnet and reactive methods. It is further divided into two phases and five phases:

The two-phase stepping angle is generally in degrees, while the five-phase stepping angle is generally in degrees. This type of stepper motor is the most widely used.

1.According to the type of working power supply: it can be divided into DC motor and AC motor.

1) DC Motor:

According to the structure and working principle, it can be divided into: brushless DC motor and brushed DC motor.

It can be divided into permanent magnet DC motor and electromagnetic DC motor.

Permanent magnet DC motors are further divided into rare earth, ferrite, and alnico permanent magnet DC motors according to materials.

According to the excitation mode, electromagnetic DC motors are divided into series excitation, parallel excitation, separate excitation and compound excitation DC motors.

2) AC motors can be divided into: single-phase motors and three-phase motors.

Working principle: Usually the rotor of the motor is a permanent magnet, and when the current flows through the stator winding, the stator winding generates a vector magnetic field. This magnetic field causes the rotor to rotate by an angle so that the direction of the pair of magnetic fields of the rotor coincides with the direction of the magnetic field of the stator.

When the vector magnetic field of the stator rotates by an angle. The rotor also rotates at an angle with this magnetic field.

With each input electrical impulse, the motor rotates an angle to take a step forward. The angular displacement of its output is proportional to the number of pulses input, and the rotational speed is proportional to the pulse frequency. Change the order in which the windings are energized, and the motor will be reversed.

Therefore, the rotation of the stepper motor can be controlled by controlling the number of pulses, the frequency and the energizing sequence of each phase winding of the motor.

There are three types of stepper motors: permanent magnet, reactive and hybrid;

The permanent magnet stepping is generally two-phase, the torque and volume are small, and the stepping angle is generally 15 degrees or 15 degrees;

The reactive stepping is generally three-phase, which can achieve large torque output, the stepping angle is generally degrees, and the noise and vibration are very large;

Mixed stepping draft punching refers to the combination of permanent magnet and reactive advantages, it is divided into two phase, three phase and five phase, two-phase stepping angle for degrees, and five-phase stepping angle for degrees, three-phase stepping key motor step moment angle for degrees, the most widely used in China is the two-phase hybrid type, five-phase stepper motor has not been widely used due to the high cost.