What is the principle of the conversion of solar energy into various energies?

The law of conservation of energy.

We are well aware of the laws that we know that energy can be converted into different forms and converted into each other. For example, a windmill can drive a propeller by turning the wind.

Converts wind energy into mechanical energy.

It is finally converted into electrical energy. Now every household in the countryside has solar panels.

It also uses the photovoltaic effect to convert light energy into electricity and store it, and electrical energy can also be converted into light energy through electric lights.

There are two main forms of solar energy applications: photovoltaic and solar thermal. Light energy can be converted into electricity, heat, and chemical energy.

Essentially, light is absorbed by the medium through various pathways, which triggers the excited state of the medium. There are many forms of excited states in a medium, most of which are achieved by absorbing photons.

When solar energy "comes into contact with a molecule that forms an excited state, the electrons in the molecular orbital are pushed into the empty orbital. Due to the change in the molecular structure, the molecule becomes a stronger oxidizing and reducing agent than the original.

When the molecule encounters a stronger oxidant or reducing agent in the excited state, the phenomenon of electron transfer will occur, and the original form of the molecule will be completely changed, and the product is the opposite charge of ionic radicals and foreign reactants. It is the process by which solar energy is converted into electricity.

The process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy: electrons drive the nucleus.

Movement, so that the electrons cannot return to their original positions, resulting in changes in the state and composition of the substance. This transition process differs from the conversion to electrical energy in that the electrons do not travel from the anode to the cathode, but remain directly in the "recipient".

Conversion of light energy into heat energy: the collision between photons transfers the kinetic energy carried by themselves to the impacted particle, increasing their energy, thereby reducing their own energy, and then continuing to impact other particles to transmit energy. In layman's terms, you throw a ball out and give it a certain kinetic energy, when it hits other balls, the other balls will move, and the kinetic energy of the thrown ball will decrease, which is the simplest energy interaction.

It is to directly convert solar energy into electrical energy, which belongs to photovoltaics, and another way is to directly convert solar energy into heat through equipment, so as to process and utilize and regenerate electricity, which forms solar energy.

The principle is that energy is conserved, and solar energy can exist with other energies, which can convert solar energy into electrical energy.

There are three main forms of solar energy utilization: photothermal conversion, photoelectric conversion, and photochemical conversion

1. Photothermal conversion: The solar radiation energy is converted into thermal energy through the conversion device, which belongs to the solar thermal utilization technology, and the reuse of thermal energy for power generation is called solar thermal power generation, which also belongs to this technical field.

2. Photochemical conversion: including the production of hydrogen by electrolysis of water by electrolysis of semiconductor electrodes, the use of calcium hydroxide or metal oxide thermal decomposition for energy storage, etc.

3. Photoelectric conversion: direct conversion and utilization of solar energy and electrical energy. The solar radiation energy is converted into electrical energy through the conversion device, which belongs to the solar photovoltaic power generation technology, and the photoelectric conversion device usually uses the photovoltaic effect principle of semiconductor devices for photoelectric conversion, so it is also called solar photovoltaic technology.

Utilization of solar energy

photovoltaic (solar cells, solar cells) power generation system, which converts solar energy into electricity;

Solar thermal power generation system, which uses the thermal energy of solar energy to generate electricity;

solar thermal utilization, such as solar water heating systems;

Solar central heating, solar air conditioning heating and cooling, solar buildings, etc. The future mobile energy application such as the "Solar Impulse" solar aircraft is the photovoltaic power generation system, and all the power and electricity of the aircraft's take-off, landing and flight come from the solar photovoltaic power generation system.

There are three main forms of solar energy utilization: photothermal conversion, photoelectric conversion, and photochemical conversion

1. Photothermal conversion: Solar radiation energy is converted into heat energy through a conversion device, which belongs to solar thermal utilization technology, and then uses thermal energy to generate electricity, which is called solar thermal power generation.

It also belongs to this field of technology.

2. Photochemical conversion: including the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen by electrolysis of semiconductor electrodes, and the use of calcium hydroxide or metal oxides.

thermal decomposition, energy storage, etc.

3. Photoelectric conversion: direct conversion and utilization of solar energy and electrical energy. Solar photoelectric power generation technology is used to convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy through a conversion device, and a photoelectric conversion device usually uses semiconductor devices.

The principle of photovoltaic effect is used for photoelectric conversion, so it is also called solar photovoltaic technology. This article mainly introduces solar photovoltaic power generation.

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Photothermal utilization

Its basic principle is to collect solar radiation energy and convert it into heat energy through interaction with matter. At present, there are four most widely used solar energy collection devices: flat plate collectors, vacuum tube collectors, ceramic solar collectors and focusing collectors (trough type, dish type and tower type).

Usually, according to the different temperatures and uses that can be achieved, solar thermal utilization is divided into low temperature utilization (<200), medium temperature utilization (200 800) and high temperature utilization (>800). At present, the main low-temperature utilization is solar water heaters.

Solar dryers, solar distillers, solar heating (solar rooms), solar greenhouses, solar air conditioning and refrigeration systems, etc., mainly solar cookers are used at medium temperature.

Solar thermal power generation concentrating heat collection devices, etc., high-temperature utilization mainly includes high-temperature solar furnaces.

The above content reference: Encyclopedia - solar energy.

The conversion forms of solar energy are electricity, heat, wind, bioenergy, etc. Solar energy is a radiant energy that is immediate and must be converted into other forms of energy in order to be used and stored. Converting solar energy into different forms of energy requires different energy converters, and collectors can convert solar energy into heat through the absorbing surface.

Solar photovoltaicsSolar photovoltaic power generation system is a new type of power generation system that directly converts solar radiation energy into electrical energy by using the photovoltaic effect of solar cell semiconductor materials, and has two modes: independent operation and grid-connected operation.

The independent operation of the photovoltaic power generation system needs to have a battery as an energy storage device, which is mainly used in remote areas without power grids and areas with scattered populations, and the cost of the whole system is very high; In areas with public power grids, the photovoltaic power generation system is connected to the grid and runs in parallel to the grid, eliminating the need for batteries, which can not only greatly reduce the cost, but also have higher power generation efficiency and better environmental performance.

Wind energy is a form of conversion of solar energy.

Due to the different changes in air temperature and the different content of water vapor in the air after being irradiated by the sun, the air pressure varies in various places, and the high-pressure air flows to the low-pressure area in the horizontal direction, that is, the wind is formed. That is, there is no wind energy without the sun. Therefore, wind energy is a form of solar energy.

The development and utilization of wind energy has been highly valued by countries around the world. China's wind energy reserves are large and widely distributed, and the potential for development and utilization is huge. At present, China's wind power industry has achieved rapid development, but there are also many problems in the process of rapid development.

Therefore, in order to vigorously develop China's wind power generation industry, it is necessary to increase independent innovation, increase construction investment, increase support, and establish and improve a unified wind power standard and specification system.

Solar energy is the largest part of the earth's energy source, and the conversion form of solar energy is wind energy. New energy: The large-scale use of solar energy in the future is used to generate electricity. There are many ways to use solar power to generate electricity. There are two main types that have been put into use.

1. Light-heat-electricity conversion. That is, the use of thermal energy generated by solar radiation to generate electricity. Generally, a solar collector is used to convert the absorbed heat energy into steam in the working fluid, and then the steam drives the gas turbine to drive the generator to generate electricity.

The former process is light-heat conversion, and the latter process is heat-electricity conversion.

2. Optical-electrical conversion. Its basic principle is to use the photogenerated volt effect to convert solar radiation energy directly into electrical energy, and its basic device is a solar cell.

Actinic conversion is the process of converting into chemical energy due to the absorption of light radiation resulting in a chemical reaction. Its basic forms are photosynthesis of plants and photochemical reactions that use chemical changes in substances to store solar energy.

Plants rely on chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy to achieve their own growth and reproduction, and if the secret of photochemical conversion can be revealed, artificial chlorophyll can be used to generate electricity. Solar photochemical conversion is being actively explored and studied.

The process of converting solar energy into biomass is achieved through the photosynthesis of plants. Giant seaweed.

Light energy is converted into electrical energy.

Solar cells, also known as "solar chips" or "photocells", are thin sheets of optoelectronic semiconductors that use sunlight to generate electricity directly. As long as it is illuminated by a certain illuminance condition, it can output voltage and generate current in the case of a loop. In physics, it is called solar photovoltaic (photovoltaic, abbreviated as PV), referred to as photovoltaic.

A solar cell is a device that directly converts light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect or photochemical effect. Crystalline silicon solar cells working with photoelectric effects are the mainstream, while thin-film cells working with photochemical effects are still in their infancy.