Classification of animals and representatives of classification

Protozoa: Sunworm.

Coelenterates: Hydroids.

Flattened animals: pork tapeworms.

Annelids: Earthworms.

Nematodes: Nematodes.

Arthropods: crabs, praying mantises, mosquitoes.

Sponges: pericarpal sponges.

Echinoderms: sea lilies, sea sheep's teeth.

Hemichordates: stigma.

Chordates: sea bottles, gilll bottles.

Reptiles: pythons.

Mammals: sheep, cattle, horses.

Oviparous animals: fish (grass carp, crucian carp, carp, etc.), birds (woodpeckers, sparrows, orioles, etc.), amphibians (frogs, salamanders), reptiles (turtles, snakes, etc.).

Flying animals: sparrows, pigeons, hummingbirds.

Amphibians: frogs.

Molluscs: Snails.

Protozoa Flagellates, Carbopods, Sporozodes, Ciliates. Such as paramecium, jade ribbon insect, blue trumpet insect, numismatic insect, sand shell insect, etc. Sponge Calcium sponge, non-calcium sponge.

Such as Neptune sponge, skin sponge, fire sponge, etc. Coelenterates Polyids, corals, jellyfish, etc. Flattened animals such as schistosomes, planarians, etc.

Protozoa Flagellates, Carbopods, Sporozodes, Ciliates. Such as paramecium, amoeba, jade belt worm, blue trumpet worm, coin worm, sand shell worm, etc. Sponge Calcium sponge, non-calcium sponge.

Such as Neptune sponge, white branch sponge, skin sponge, fire sponge, etc. Coelenterates Polyids, corals, sea urchins, jellyfish, etc. Flattened animals such as schistosomes, planarians, etc.

Chapter 22 of the Beijing Normal University Edition of Biology Chapter 22 The Main Taxa of Animals (Invertebrates) Teaching Micro Lesson.

Animals are mainly classified according to their external morphology, structural characteristics, internal structural and physiological functional characteristics, combined with their living habits and geographical distribution.

Humans have long been able to identify objects and give them names. In the early Han Dynasty, Erya divided animals into four categories: insects, fish, birds, and beasts: insects include most invertebrates; Fish include fish, amphibians, reptiles and other lower vertebrates, whales, shrimps, crabs, shellfish, etc., birds are birds; Beasts are mammals.

This is the earliest classification of animals in ancient China, and the generation period of the four types of names seems to be no later than the Western Zhou Dynasty. This classification, compared with Linnaeus's six-class system, only lacks two classes: amphibians and helminths.

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle used the method of trait comparison to distinguish between species, such as classifying hot-blooded animals into one category to distinguish them from cold-blooded animals. He arranges the animals in order of the degree of perfection of their structure, giving the idea of a natural ladder.

At the end of the 17th century, the British botanist Ray had described the plant species known at that time as genera and species, and his book "New Methods of Plant Research" was the most comprehensive summary of plant classification before Linnaeus, and Ray also proposed "hybrid sterility" as a criterion for distinguishing species.

Modern taxonomy was born in the 18th century and was founded by the Swedish botanist Linnaeus. Linnaeus solved two key problems for taxonomy: the first was the establishment of a binomial system, in which each species was given a scientific name, consisting of two Latin pseudonyms, the first representing the genus name and the second representing the species name.

The second is the establishment of the order system, Linnaeus divided the natural world into three kingdoms of plants, animals and minerals, and under the animal and plant kingdoms, there are four levels: class, order, genus and species, thus establishing the order system of classification.

Each species belongs to a certain taxonomic system and occupies a certain taxonomic position, which can be checked and retrieved according to the order. Linnaeus first applied the order system to plants and animals in his Flora Ethnicity, published in 1753 and in the 10th edition of Natural Systems in 1758. These two classics marked the birth of modern taxonomy.

Linnaeus believed that species do not change, and that there was no concept of kinship in his Natural Systems, in which the six fauna were arranged in the order of mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, insects, and worms. Lamarck corrected this upside-down system and listed it as an evolutionary system from the lower to the higher. He also divided animals into two groups, vertebrates and invertebrates, which are still used today.

Since Linnaeus's view of evolution was not accepted at the time, it had little impact on taxonomy. It was not until 1859, after the publication of Darwin's "The Origin of Species", that the idea of evolution was implemented in taxonomy, and it was made clear that taxonomic research was to explore the kinship between organisms, so that the taxonomic system became a biological genealogy—phylogenetic taxonomy was born.

The basic content of taxonomy.

Classification systems are hierarchical systems that typically include seven main levels: species, genera, family, order, class, phylum, and bounda. The species (species) is the basic unit, the closely related species are grouped into genera, the closely related genera are grouped into families, the family is subordinate to the order, the order is subordinate to the class, the class is subordinate to the phylum, and the phylum is subordinate to the boundary.

There are two main categories of animal classification, which are vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates include fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Invertebrates, on the other hand, include echinoderms, arthropods, and coelenterates.

mollusks and nematozoa, etc.

Due to the wide variety of animals, there is still a lack of in-depth research and understanding of many animals. Therefore, until now, there is no perfect classification system for the classification of animals in the world. The reason for this difference is that there is a great deal of variation among the different species.

However, some scholars have promoted a number of different classes to phylum, such as: rotifers, abdominal hair, mustello, nematodes and other animals in protoprosthetic coelage animals.

The classification is still based on the differentiation of cells, the formation of the germ layer, the presence or absence of body cavities, the symmetrical form, the division of body segments, the nature of the bones, the characteristics of the appendages, and the occurrence and development of other organ systems. But at present, in general, according to whether the animal has a spine in the body, it is divided into two categories: vertebrates and invertebrates.

Animals are divided into vertebrates and invertebrates according to their invertebrates. Vertebrates are divided into fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals from low to high. Invertebrates are divided into coelenterates, molluscs, arthropods, annelids.

Plants are divided into seeded plants and seedless plants according to the presence or absence of seeds. Seedless plants are classified into algae, mosses, and ferns according to the order from low to high. Seeded plants are divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms according to whether the fruit has a seed coat or not.

Angiosperms are divided into monocotyledon and dicots according to the number of cotyledons.