Why did countries carry out changes and reforms during the Warring States period?

Because during the Warring States Period, there were many powerful countries, and the vassal states fought for many years, and some countries did not want to be annexed by other countries, so they had to realize "rich countries and strong soldiers", so that the country could become strong in order to gain a foothold in the forest of strong countries. So the reforms have been implemented!

Politics:

The royal family declined, the patriarchal feudal system was destroyed, and Zhou Tianzi gradually lost his status as the co-ruler of the world.

The princes competed for hegemony, and the wars of annexation caused many scattered small states to be gradually annexed by large powers.

Reforms in the Spring and Autumn Period: Mainly aimed at the economic base.

Qi State: Guan Zhong "fell into the land and declined"; Lu Guochu tax acres. These reforms effectively recognized the legitimacy of private land.

Reform during the Warring States period: Comprehensive reforms in the political, economic, and military fields.

Economy:

The Rise of Private Commerce: Free Merchants with Strong Economies.

Policies of heavy agriculture and suppression of business: salt and iron government.

The rise of private handicrafts: privately operated, mainly used for private consumption, into the market circulation.

Cottage industry: the products are mostly for their own consumption and tax payment, and a small part of them enter the market.

There are three types of handicraft production: government-run, private, and family-owned: government-run as the dominant force, and private and family as the main body.

Culture:

The emergence of different schools of thought among intellectuals and the competition between various schools of thought. "Baijia" is a large exponential force, and "contention" refers to controversy and criticism (jié nàn) and refutation.

Culturally, it is relatively open, a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend, and all the sons and hundreds of schools of thought are all out of this period. It has produced countless philosophers, writers, politicians, military strategists, and diplomats who have influenced later generations.

1. Li Kui's change.

Li Kui's reform refers to the appointment of Li Kui as the prime minister when Wei Wenhou of Wei was in power during the Warring States Period to carry out reform of the law. Politically, Li Kui advocated the abolition of hereditary aristocratic privileges, the selection of meritocrats, and the strict rewards and punishments. Economically, the main practice is to make the best use of land and the law of equalization.

It greatly promoted the development of agricultural production in Wei and made Wei rich and strong.

In order to further implement the reform of the law and consolidate the results of the reform, the criminal codes of various countries were collected and the book "The Book of Laws" was written, which affirmed and protected the reform of the law in the form of law and fixed the feudal legal power. Li Kui's reform of the law in the Wei State was the beginning of China's reform of the law and had a far-reaching impact on Chinese history.

2. Shang martingale method.

After Qin Xiaogong of the Qin State ascended the throne during the Warring States Period, he was determined to strengthen the reform, so he ordered the recruitment of talents. Shang Ying defended the country into Qin, and put forward a set of development strategies such as abandoning well fields, emphasizing agriculture and mulberry, awarding military merits, implementing unified measurements, and establishing a county system.

In 356 B.C. and 350 B.C., he successively implemented two changes with the main content of "abandoning well fields, opening up Qianmo, implementing the county system, rewarding cultivation and weaving and fighting, and implementing the law of joint sitting".

After the Shang Dynasty reform, Qin's economy developed, the combat effectiveness of the army was continuously strengthened, and it developed into the richest and most powerful centralized state in the late Warring States period.

3. Liu Yu's reform.

Liu Yu's reform refers to the various reforms carried out by Liu Yu from the Yixi period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the early years of Liu Song Yong. It also has the title of Yixi reform. Beginning in 405 AD, Liu Yu carried out a series of reforms in response to various political and social problems since the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

Including the implementation of the land law, the restoration of the talent show, filial piety and incorruptibility of the system, the rectification of the enslavement system, the abolition of harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes, the prohibition of the strong and strong to seal the mountains, the suppression of annexation, the relief of the poor, the revitalization of education, the streamlining of Qiaozhou counties and counties, the weakening of the power of the scholars, the strengthening of the centralization of power, and so on. It further struck a blow at the decadent and dark aristocracy and gentry, improved the political and social conditions, and alleviated the suffering of the working people.

4. Reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, commonly known as the sinicization of filial piety, refers to the political reforms implemented during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Its main content is the Sinicization movement, including the implementation of the uniform field system and household regulation, the reform of the official system and legal decrees, the relocation of the capital to Luoyang, and the change of Han customs.

5. Westernization Movement.

The Westernization Movement, also known as the Self-Help Movement and the Self-Improvement Movement. It was a self-help movement carried out by the Westernists of the late Qing Dynasty from the 60s of the 19th century to the 90s of the 19th century to save the rule of the Qing Dynasty by introducing Western military equipment, machine production and science and technology. The slogan in the early stage of the Westernization Movement was "self-improvement", and the slogan in the later stage was "seeking wealth".

The main guiding ideology of the Westernization Movement is the eight characters of "middle school as the body, Western learning as the application". The first four words "Shiyi and Yi" indicate the relationship between the Westernization Movement and the foreign capitalist invaders, that is, to learn the skills of the West in order to resist the aggressive path of the West.

Although the Westernization Movement did not make China rich and strong for more than 30 years, the Westernization Movement introduced advanced science and technology from the West, which led to the emergence of the first batch of modern enterprises in China, which objectively played a role in promoting the emergence and development of China's national capitalism.