Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu What are the characteristics of Ming Dynasty porcelain in the Xuantong pe

1. The fetal bones of porcelain from Xianfeng to Xuantong are basically the same, and they are not as good as those of the Jia and Dao periods in terms of fetal quality. At this time, the fetal mass becomes more and more coarse, and the fetal bone becomes thicker accordingly.

2. Starting from the Xianfeng period, the porcelain glaze gradually became thicker, and the porcelain glaze and the fetal bone were not tightly combined, so the phenomenon of "wave glaze" and "orange peel glaze" was more serious than that of the Jia and Dao periods.

3. On the glazed surface of porcelain, there are even bubbles and deglazing. The white glaze is not as white as Jia, Daoshi, and gradually becomes a slight gray color in white.

4. The kiln turned red glaze, and there was a big change at this time. On the glaze, the blue-purple color spots are becoming less and less, while the area of red color is increasing, and some even basically become all red, and the blue-purple spots are almost invisible. By the time of Guangxu and Xuantong, there was another kind of kiln red glaze composed of red and black.

The evolution process of the kiln turning red glaze is: Yongzheng is more blue than red: in Qianlong, it is less blue than red; Jia and Tao are more red than blue; After Xianfeng, it basically became all red; When it came to Guangxu and Xuantong, it was composed of two colors: red and black.

5. The color of blue and white is only 1 to 2 levels, and a kind of blue-purple blue and white appeared in the ring at the end of Tongzhi. After Tongzhi, there are fewer piles of powder and blue flowers, and at this time, the pile of powder under the blue and white is very thin and the color is light.

Characteristics of blue and white porcelain produced in official kilns in the Guangxu period:

1. The blue and white fetal quality of the official kiln in the Guangxu period is delicate and white, among which there are more imitations of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, the Guangxu blue and white is lighter than the Kangxi blue and white, and the porcelain wall is thicker than the Yongzheng blue and white, and the hardness is not as good as the Qianlong blue and white.

2. The Guangxu blue and white porcelain bowl and the disc wall are thinner than the bottom of the tire, and the blue and white on the back can be seen through the tire wall against the light source, but the bottom of the tire can not be seen. The glaze is shiny and thin, showing white and flashing cyan, and the blue and white glaze of the folk kiln is generally thicker than the blue and white of the official kiln, but it is not smooth enough, and there is a wave glaze phenomenon.

3. Blue and white decoration techniques of Guangxu official kiln; There are mainly single-line flat coating, single-line flat coating and dot dyeing methods, among which the former is mostly used to imitate the Kangxi entwined branch lotus pattern, and the latter imitates the painting method of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong blue and white decorations.

4. Guangxu blue and white have more layers, different from Kangxi blue and white, Guangxu blue and white hair color is in the glaze, while Kangxi blue and white hair color is under the glaze. The common patterns are decorated with auspicious patterns such as dragon and phoenix patterns, longevity, happiness, and longevity.

5. In terms of vessel shape, the blue and white of Guangxu official kiln mostly follows the style of the previous dynasty, of which the hat tube is the majority, and the common vessel shapes include appreciation bottles, teapots, bowls, plates, jade pots, spring bottles, all kinds of lid jars, rhombic flowers, and entwined branches and lotus patterns.

Feature 1, modeling features:

The production is neat and there are many styles.

2. Carcass characteristics:

The carcass is still thick and heavy, but the quality is slightly higher than that of Tongzhi; The porcelain clay sieve is finer, and the fetal quality is more cautious.

3. Glaze features:

The glaze juice is thin, the glaze is not shiny, the texture is soft, the tone is slightly blue in the white, and some of the glaze is pure white, which is close to the modern porcelain glaze.

4. Ornamental features:

Guangxu ornamentation is very rich, all the ornaments that can be seen in the Qing Dynasty, Guangxu Dynasty have been painted. There are three types of blue and white ornamental painting methods in the official kiln. The first is the single-line flat painting method, which is a simplification of the traditional painting method by the craftsman; The second is the single-line flat coating method plus the dot dyeing method, which is used to imitate the blue and white of the three generations of the Qing Dynasty, which has the characteristics of Guangxu in the painting style and is more stylized in the dot dyeing; The third is the popular painting method of the Guangxu Dynasty, which is mostly used for innovative works, with fresh ornamentation, delicate brushwork, simple style, and silk painting effect.

5. Characteristics of style:

Guangxu official kiln is mainly based on regular script, and regular script and seal are used together.

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1. Shape: Generally plump, vigorous, soft and rounded lines, giving people a sense of simplicity and solemnity.

2. Carcass: Generally heavier than the Qing Dynasty, Hongzhi paid attention to repairing the tire before, and the seams were not obvious; After Zhengde and the end of the Ming Dynasty, the joints are particularly obvious, the carcass is thicker and rougher, and the folk kiln utensils are especially serious. There is a phenomenon of "flint red", commonly known as "yellow overflow".

3. Glaze: The biggest feature is that the enamel is thick and moisturizing. In the blue and white porcelain, most of them are blue and white, commonly known as "bright blue glaze", which runs through the beginning and end of the entire Ming Dynasty.

4. Ornamentation: mainly dragons, phoenixes, unicorns, landscapes, figures, flowers and birds, animals, etc. The picture is bold and chic, the brushwork is smooth and skillful, and the composition is simple and ancient.

5. Foot: Most of the large utensils are sand bottoms, and there are often collapsed bottoms, sticky sand, and jump knife marks. There are many shapes such as straight ring feet, flat cut ring feet, wall ring feet, high feet and so on.

6. Style: Before the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelain was mostly not signed. After Yongle, he began to write the year number of the dynasty, the dry payment, and the drawing on the official kiln. It is mostly written in blue and white, with dark engraving, embossing, etc.

1. The carcass of Shunzhi porcelain is thick and heavy, the carcass is thick and fine, the coarse is a slag tire, there is gray or gray-yellow, the fine white is firm, and the degree of porcelain is better. The production process basically follows the style of the late Ming Dynasty and Chongzhen. The bottom of many carving vessels is not glazed, and the tire is exposed.

The tire repair is not very regular, and you can see the radial jumping knife marks common in porcelain in the late Ming Dynasty. The bottom of the utensils is mostly not stained with sand, which changes the phenomenon of widespread sand staining in porcelain from the folk kiln since Wanli.

2. In order to meet the psychological needs of the Chinese people for porcelain during the war, the porcelain produced by the potters is made of porcelain cakes regardless of whether it is fine or coarse, and the porcelain produced is also thick and durable. The middle of the flat-bottomed device is concave, and the swirl is visible. The bottom foot of the disc is relatively flat, and the collapse phenomenon of the Ming Dynasty is rare, and the bottom of the disc often has kiln cracks, and the bottom edge is red with the kiln, that is, flint red.

The root of the foot is slightly adducted, the foot wall is deeper for the wide circle foot, some are double circle feet, and some of the utensils have been carefully repaired by the craftsman, showing the back of the loach, very smooth, with the characteristics of early Kangxi porcelain.

This mainly depends on what kind of colored porcelain.

1. Guangxu porcelain identification modeling characteristics: Guangxu porcelain in addition to the traditional style, the newly created types of official kiln lotus leaf lid jar and teapot with copper wire handle, as well as larger pots, bowls, basins, flower pots and "Daya Zhai" bottles, basins, etc., the production is neat, and the style is more.

2. Guangxu porcelain identification carcass characteristics: the carcass is still thick and heavy, but compared with Tongzhi, the quality is slightly improved; The porcelain clay sieve is finer, and the fetal quality is more cautious. Imitation Kangxi utensils, both thick and thin, compared with Kangxi, thin tires are light, the hardness is insufficient, and the kiln ware is rough and irregular.

3. Guangxu porcelain identification glaze characteristics: the glaze juice is thin, the glaze is not moist, the texture is soft, the tone is slightly blue in the white, and some of the glaze is pure white, which is close to the modern porcelain glaze.

4. Guangxu porcelain identification ornamental characteristics: Guangxu ornamentation is very rich, all the ornaments that can be seen in the Qing Dynasty, Guangxu Dynasty have been painted. There are three types of blue and white ornamental painting methods in the official kiln.

The first single-line flat coating method, this method is widely used, among which the most entangled lotus pattern imitating Kangxi Yongzheng is the craftsman's simplification of the traditional painting method; The second is the single-line flat coating method plus the dot dyeing method, which is used to imitate the blue and white of the three generations of the Qing Dynasty, which has the characteristics of Guangxu in the painting style and is more stylized in the dot dyeing; The third is the popular painting method of the Guangxu Dynasty, which is mostly used for innovative works, with fresh ornamentation, delicate brushwork, simple style, and silk painting effect.