What is the relationship between soil genesis and soil formation factors?

Soil is an independent natural body, which is formed by the very complex interaction of various soil-forming factors with the soil parent material. It is the result of the long-term joint action of natural factors and human activities, and there are six factors that affect its formation:

1. Parent factors:

weathering.

The parent material formed is the material basis of soil formation and the initial element of plant mineral nutrients (except nitrogen), which plays an important role in the physical properties and chemical composition of soil.

2. Climatic factors:

The direct impact is the influence on the water, thermal condition and the nature and intensity of physical and chemical processes in the soil, such as chemical reactions in the soil for every 10 increase in temperature.

The speed is increased by an average of 1 2 times; Indirect influences affect the formation and development of soils by influencing rock weathering processes and vegetation types, among other things.

3. Biological factors:

Organisms are the most active factors in the formation of soil organic matter and soil, of which plants play the most important role. Green plants absorb nutrient elements to make organic matter, and then return the organic nutrients to the surface in the form of litter and debris; Animals provide organic matter to the soil in the form of excrement, secretions and debris, and promote the transformation of organic debris and change the soil structure through gnawing, carrying and agitation. The main functions of microorganisms in the process of soil formation are the decomposition, transformation and humus of organic residues.

of the synthesis. 4. Topographic factors:

It mainly affects soil formation indirectly by causing the redistribution of matter and energy. Slope and aspect, for example, can also affect soil development by altering water, thermal and vegetation conditions.

5. Time factor:

The role of parent material, topography, climate, and organisms in soil formation has all evolved over time. For example, in extreme environments, it can take thousands of years for the weathering of rocks to form a tomogenetic layer, while it takes 1000 to 1500 years for a typical gray soil to develop.

6. Human activity factors:

The main impact is on the formation and evolution of soil by changing the soil-forming factors. Among them, the impact of changing the condition of surface organisms is the most prominent, such as in agricultural production activities, through the transformation of natural soil into various cultivated soils through hard work.

1. Biological factors include the influence of plants, microorganisms and soil animals on the soil system, and biological factors are the most active factors to promote soil occurrence and development. Plants selectively absorb nutrients from the parent material, atmosphere, and water bodies, and through photosynthesis, produce organic matter, and soil microorganisms decompose organic matter to promote the release of nutrients. Animal carcasses also provide organic matter to the soil, and animals in the soil have special effects on the soil, such as turning and agitation.

2. Climatic factors are the main driving force for the development and change of soil system. It affects the geographical distribution of soil, which is zonal. Climatic factors, especially water and thermal conditions, directly or indirectly affect the activity of plants and microorganisms, affecting the accumulation and decomposition of soil organic matter.

3. Topographic factors generally only cause the redistribution of surface energy and matter, and do not cause new matter. It dominates surface runoff, resulting in non-zonal soils in zonal soil ranges.

4. The parent material factor is the material basis for soil formation. The soil parent material is the product of the weathering of rocks, and the soil is formed by the parent material through the process of soil formation. Different parent materials also have a certain effect on the secondary minerals in the soil.

5. Time factor - degree of development. Soil age is divided into absolute age and relative age. It is an intensity factor for soil development. The four major factors of biology, topography, climate and parent material deepened with the age of soil. Soils evolve over time.

First, biological factors:

The organisms in the biological factors include plant microorganisms and animals, biological factors are the most active factors that promote soil genesis, plants absorb nutrients in the parent material, water in the water body and carbon dioxide in the air, thus forming organic matter, plus the residue of microorganisms, the residue of animals, can be decomposed and released by microorganisms. Thus returning to the soil accelerates soil formation.

Second, climatic factors:

Climatic factors, especially moisture and heat in the air, can directly or indirectly affect the activity of plants or microorganisms, and thus soil formation.

Third, topographical factors:

Crustal movement causes the redistribution of surface materials and energy, so that zonal soils contain non-zonal soils.

Fourth, the parent factor:

The parent material is formed by the weathering of rocks, and then through soil formation, the soil is formed, so the parent material can directly determine the nutrients in the soil, that is, the time of soil formation.

Fifth, the time factor:

The time factor is the intensity factor of soil development, which can affect the parent material factor, biological factor, topographic factor, time factor, and thus affect the formation of soil.

Sixth, the human factor:

Artificial cultivation and soil relocation, or other activities can accelerate soil formation.

The main factors influencing soil formation are climate, biology, topography, parent material and time.

1. Climatic factors: direct impact - the influence on the water and heat conditions of the soil and the nature and intensity of physical and chemical processes in the soil through the frequent exchange of water and heat between the soil and the atmosphere.

Biological factors: Organisms are the most active factors in the process of soil organic matter and soil formation, and the essential characteristics of soil - hail residue - the production of fertility is closely related to the role of organisms. Biological processes are realized through the life activities of organisms, in which the formation and maintenance of the food chain is crucial.

2. Time factor: Soil is a natural entity that undergoes constant change, and the formation process is quite slow. In extreme environments such as extreme heat, extreme cold, drought and flooding, as well as on residual parent material formed on hard rocks, it can take thousands of years for a topogenetic layer to form.

However, the development of soil profile is much faster in the mild environmental conditions and on the loose soil parent material that is conducive to the soil formation process.

3. Human factors: human activities act on the formation and evolution of soil by changing other soil-forming factors, and agricultural production activities are an important way. Change the structure, water retention and aeration of the soil through tillage; Change the moisture and temperature conditions of the soil through irrigation source rolling; Depriving the soil of some of the organic matter that should have been returned to the soil through the harvesting of crops, changing the nutrient cycling of the soil; By applying chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers to supplement the loss of nutrients, change the nutrient composition, quantity and microbial activity of the soil; Agricultural production activities eventually transform natural soils into various types of cultivated soils.

Soil factors affecting land characteristics include soil texture, soil configuration, soil soluble salt content and pH value, soil organic matter and soil nutrients.

1. Soil texture.

Soil texture has a great influence on soil properties such as nutrient content, aeration and water permeability, water and fertilizer retention, and tillage properties.

The ratio of soil particles in the soil, or the percentage of soil particles in the soil mass, is called soil texture (also known as the mechanical composition of the soil).

The different soil textures have a great impact on various soil traits. The agricultural production traits of soil include three aspects: soil fertility traits, tillage traits and comprehensive response ability of crop responses. The degree of expression of these traits is closely related to soil texture.

2. Soil configuration.

During the process of soil formation, the substances in the soil are constantly moving and depositing. It causes the differentiation of the internal material of the soil, and gradually forms a generation layer, and the combination of different occurrence layers constitutes the soil profile, which is generally divided into topsoil layer (a), heart soil layer (b) and subsoil layer (c). Soil profile is one of the most typical and comprehensive characteristics of soil, which can reflect the characteristics of soil formation environment, soil type and pre-soil development, etc., and has a significant impact on soil moisture, temperature and fertility.

3. Soil soluble salt content and pH value.

1) The harm of soluble salts in the soil to crops.

It causes physiological drought of crops, destroys nutrient balance, and directly poisons.

2) The effect of soil pH on plant growth.

Soil with a pH is generally suitable for most crops. However, there are some exceptions for acidic or alkaline crops. For example, tea plants should grow well on acidic soil, and chestnuts should grow on slightly acidic soil.

4. Soil organic matter and soil nutrients.

1) The content, ** and composition of soil organic matter.

Soil organic matter refers to the organic matter of carbon contained in the soil, which includes various animal and plant residues, microorganisms and their decomposition and synthesis products in the soil.

2) The role of soil organic jujube matter.

Provide nutrients needed by crops, enhance soil fertilizer retention and buffering, promote the formation of aggregate structure, improve soil physical properties, and other effects, such as at a certain concentration, humic acid can promote the physiological activity of microorganisms and plants, reduce the amount of pesticide residues in the soil and the toxicity of heavy metals.

3) The role of soil nutrients.

Plants obtained three major nutrient factors from soil high soil: n, p, and k; At the same time, microtrophic factors such as Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe and B were also obtained from the soil. Therefore, the content of these available nutrients in the soil affects plant growth, which is an important indicator of soil fertility level or quality level, and also an index to evaluate the productivity of cultivated land.

Summary. Hello, "Soil refers to a layer of loose material on the surface of the earth, composed of various granular minerals, organic matter, water, air, microorganisms, etc., which can grow plants. Soil is composed of minerals weathered from rocks, organic matter produced by the decomposition of animal and plant and microbial residues, soil organisms (solid substances), water (liquid phase substances), air (gas phase substances), and oxidized humus.

2. Provide water resources and their purification energy.

3. Provide the function of various organisms and microorganisms in the soil, and provide the function of various nutrients in the soil and the transformation place of organic waste.

What are the basic components of soils and how do you see the relationship between them?

Hello, "Soil refers to a layer of loose material on the surface of the earth, composed of various granular minerals, organic matter, water, air, microorganisms, etc., which can grow plants. Soil is composed of minerals weathered from rocks, organic matter produced by the decomposition of animal and plant and microbial residues, soil organisms (solid substances), water (liquid phase substances), air (gas phase substances), and oxidized humus. Related Extensions:

1. The biggest function of soil is to allow the roots of plants to gain a foothold, support their underground parts and supply the nutrients, water and oxygen needed by plants or crops. 2. Provide water resources and their purification energy. 3. Provide the function of various organisms and microorganisms in the soil, and provide the function of various nutrients in the soil and the transformation place of organic waste.

How do you see the relationship between them?

Soil is composed of minerals, animals and plants weathered from rocks, organic matter produced by the decomposition of microbial residues, soil organisms (solid phase substances), water (liquid phase substances), air (gas phase substances), humus, etc. Solid matter includes soil minerals, organic matter, and microorganisms. Liquid matter mainly refers to soil moisture.

Gases are the air present in the pores of the soil. These three types of substances in the soil constitute a contradictory unity. They are interconnected, mutually restrictive, provide the necessary living conditions for crops, and are the material basis of soil fertility.

Soil minerals are mineral particles of different sizes (sand, soil and gum) formed by the weathering of rocks. There are many types of soil minerals, and the chemical composition is complex, which directly affects the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and is one of the important nutrients of crops.

Explain the concepts and meanings of soil bulk density, relative density, and porosity?