In the last paragraph of the Qin treatise, However, in the land of Qin, benevolence and righteousne

However, with its small land, Qin has developed to a national power of 10,000 soldiers, which has attracted the return of eight states, and made the princes of the same column come to worship him for more than 100 years. Then the world will be regarded as a private property, with Kunshan and Hangu Pass.

as a palace wall; A soldier destroyed the Seven Temples of the Son of Heaven.

King Qin himself died at the hands of others and was laughed at by the world, what is the reason? The situation of attacking and defending because of the lack of benevolence and righteousness has changed.

However, the Qin State relied on a small piece of territory at the beginning to gain the power of the Son of Heaven, ruled the eight states of the world, and forced the original six vassal states of the same column to come to the court for more than 100 years; Then he took the world as a private property, and used the food letter as the palace wall; An ordinary person took the lead in the uprising, but the temple of the Qin Dynasty was destroyed, and the emperor himself was in the hands of others and was ridiculed by the people of the world, what is the reason? This is due to the fact that the situation of offense and defense has changed due to the lack of benevolent policies.

However, with its small place, Qin has developed into a country with thousands of military vehicles, attracting the return of eight states, and making the princes of the six countries come to see each other, which has a history of more than 100 years; After that, he owned the world for himself, and used Kunshan and Hanguguan as his inner palace; What is the reason why a soldier who makes a rebellion and the country perishes, and the princes and grandsons all die in the hands of others, and are laughed at by the world? Without benevolence and righteousness, the situation of attack and defense will be different.

Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin" uses four sets of comparisons to illustrate the view that "benevolence and righteousness are not applied and the offensive and defensive forces are different". The four sets of comparisons are:

1. The contrast between the Qin state itself being strong first and then weak, first prosperous and then declining, first prosperous and then perishing. The author devotes a considerable amount of space to the history of more than a hundred years from the filial piety of Qin to the fall of Qin, and summarizes the whole process and main phenomena of Qin's rise and fall, and also runs through the author's own views to explain the key to its rise and fall, which helps readers have a clearer understanding of this period of history.

2. Comparison between Qin and the Six Kingdoms. When describing the achievements of Huiwen, Wu, and Zhaoxiang, the article compares the number of princes' armies, the number of strategists, and the breadth of land, and lists the names of countries and people. The six countries that competed with Qin were vast, numerous, and talented, and "united and longitudinal relations, and became one", which seemed to be all of one mind.

But the result is that "Qin has no cost of death, and the princes of the world are already trapped", "from the dispersion of the treaty", "the strong country is convinced, and the strong country enters the court", such an exaggerated contrast is enough to set off the strength of the Qin State. This layer of contrast is the contrast between the strongest and the stronger, forming a contrast.

3. Comparison between Qin and Chen She. The article describes the first emperor's deeds in unifying China and Chen She's uprising with a soldier, which is indeed another strong contrast. Although "the first emperor did not exist", Chen Shi was still facing the powerful Qin Dynasty that "Yu Wei was shocked by the customs".

And the author writes that Chen is poor and mediocre, from a humble background, with mediocre talents, no money and power, few soldiers and fatigue, and no equipment to speak of. But once he rose up, "the whole world gathered to respond, win the grain and the scenery followed", the influence was reachable, "Shandong Haojun rose together", so that the once prominent Qiang Qin died in one dynasty. This second layer of contrast is the contrast between the strongest and the weakest, and the contrast is even stronger than before.

4. Comparison between Chen Shi and the Six Nations. In the discussion at the end of the article, Chen She's uprising is compared with the vassal states' joint resistance to Qin. "Chen She's position is not respected by Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei, and the king of Zhongshan".

Thorns, non-hook halberds", two to **. "The people who fought against the army were not the divisions of the Nine Kingdoms", Sanbi soldiers. "Foresight, the way of marching soldiers, not the land of the time", four than talents.

Chen Shi was much worse than the princes in every aspect, but it was he who led the soldiers and defeated the powerful Qin Dynasty. This just reflects the fall of the Qin Dynasty from the side, and the problem is not in the opponent, but in itself.

These four contrasts are intertwined, the structure is grandiose, the momentum is magnificent, the arguments are well-founded, and the analysis is thorough. The difference between the subjective and objective situations, the difference in the strength and weakness, and the difference in the difficulty of prosperity and decline, are all manifested from the comparison of these four aspects.

In the first part of "On the Passage of Qin", the author writes his arguments in the way of comparing the whole article to the end.

Several contrasts are intertwined, the structure is naturally magnificent, the momentum is naturally majestic, and the words seem more weighty. The difference between the subjective and objective situations, the difference in the strength and weakness, and the difficulty of prosperity and decline, are all manifested in the comparison of several aspects. And the reason why the article is vigorous is not difficult to understand.

"On the Passage of Qin" is a representative work of Jia Yi's political essays, which is divided into three articles. The full text analyzes the mistakes of the Qin Dynasty from various aspects, hence the title "On the Passing of Qin".

The comparison between Chen Shi and the division of the Nine Kingdoms in the theory of the Qin Dynasty illustrates the difference in Qin's offensive and defensive situation, when the division of the Nine Kingdoms united to attack Qin, with the strength of people, money, and materials, and Chen Shi came from a humble background: "The son of the urn and the rope pivot, the person who is subordinate to the gangsters, and the migratory disciples." between the marches and the soldiers, and the stubbornness in the midst of the strange"; His personal quality is "the talent is not as good as the Chinese people, not the sage of Zhong Ni Mo Zhai, and the wealth of Tao Zhu Yidun"; The composition of its ranks is "a tired pawn, hundreds of people"; Its equipment is "chopping wood for soldiers, unveiling rods for flags"; Its "way of marching soldiers, not the people of the time"; Its impact is that "the world gathers to respond, win food and follow".

Its success or failure changed, and its exploits were also the opposite: the division of the Nine Kingdoms was defeated from the dispersal of the treaty, and the land was ceded and bribed Qin. And the result of Chen Shi was that "Shandong Haojun rose up and died in the Qin clan".

The purpose of this comparison of strength and weakness, success and defeat is not to compare who is stronger and weaker between Chen Shi and the Six Kingdoms, but to reveal the reason why Qin's victory over the powerful Nine Kingdoms was at the hands of the weak Chen She. It may seem incredible, but it is thought-provoking. In addition to clarifying the changes in Qin's offensive and defensive situation, more importantly, they clarified that Qin's failure to exercise benevolent governance led to the end of destruction

Gu Qinrun used contrast, that is, benevolence and righteousness are not applied and the offensive and defensive forces are different, that is to say, they are in the comparison with the Qin Dynasty

What kinds are used in the "Treatise on the Passage of Qin" to not apply to arithmetic benevolence and righteousness, and the view that wages are different places is in it. Primarily jurisprudence.

The reason for expounding this point of view, and the example used is to say that many kings of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period supported this view.

The contrast between the benevolent government and love for the people at the beginning of the Qin Dynasty and the cold policy in the later period, the poor situation at the beginning of the Qin Dynasty and the strength of the Six Kingdoms, and the contrast between the humble background of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang's uprising in the later period but can shake the Great Qin Dynasty are used to highlight and illustrate the theme.

Several sets of contrasts are used in the Guo Qin Theory to illustrate the view that benevolence and righteousness are not applied but offensive and defensive. This will highlight the sharpness of the point of view.

The National Day Dragon used several sets of CDs that compared the offensive and defensive momentum of benevolence and righteousness, and quoted the three legs.

I would rather like to mainly talk about some of the life deeds of Qin Shi Huang to crusade against the guarantee.

In the beginning, three sets of contrasts were used to illustrate the viewpoint that benevolence and righteousness are not applied and offense and defense are different.

In the past, several sets of contrasting parameters were used in the argument, and benevolence and righteousness were not applied but offensive and defensive.

Several sets of contrasts are used in the group theory to illustrate that benevolence and righteousness are not applied but attack and defend the ground.

We observe, every time we observe, every time we observe.

Fundamental comparative parameters of applied theories in the past.

Over the couple talked about this and organized to explain his offensive and defensive momentum.

You guys are the ones who are the best guys? I think so.

Benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive forces are different.

The Treatise on the Passage of the Qin Dynasty summarizes the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty and its causes, and clearly puts forward the central thesis of this article: "The offensive and defensive forces are different without benevolence and righteousness." Its purpose was to provide Emperor Wen of Han with a reference for reforming politics.

Jiayi of the Western Han Dynasty "On the Passage of Qin (Part I)", excerpts from the original text:

Try to make the country of Shandong and Chen Shidu grow and compare, and compare power and strength, it is not possible to talk about it in the same year. However, Qin is a small place, to the trend of ten thousand times, the order of eight states and the same column, more than 100 years; Then take Liuhe as the home, and Kui Jing Sanhan as the palace; One husband is difficult and seven temples, dead people's hands, for the world to laugh, why not? Benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive forces are different.

Translation: If we compare the length of the eastern vassal states with Chen She, and measure the power and power, it will not be able to be compared. However, with its small place, Qin has developed into a country with thousands of military chariots, ruling the whole country, and making the princes of the six countries come to the court to see each other, which has been more than a hundred years.

After that, he took the world as his family business, and used Kunshan and Hanguguan as his inner palace; Chen Shi rebelled and the country perished, and Prince Qin died in the hands of someone else (Xiang Yu), and was laughed at by the world, why is this? It was because of the lack of benevolent government that the situation of offense and defense changed.

Yes, it is from "The Treatise on the Passage of Qin".

The failure to exercise benevolence led to different outcomes of the seizure of power and the seizure of power.

"Benevolence and righteousness" is the reason for "the difference between offense and defense", and "while" means to undertake, which can be translated as "cause".

"Benevolence and righteousness are not applied but the offensive and defensive forces are different", this sentence has always been interpreted differently. There are roughly two kinds, 1. Because the Qin Dynasty did not practice benevolence and righteousness, the Qin Dynasty changed from offensive to defensive. 2. After the Qin Dynasty changed from offensive to defensive, it did not show benevolence and righteousness, (so it perished).

Personally, I agree with the second understanding, when seizing the world, it is okay not to be benevolent and righteous, but it is not okay to govern the world without benevolence and righteousness, and it is a Confucian view that if you do not apply benevolence and righteousness, you will be able to govern the world for a long time. Harsh government is fiercer than a tiger.

The second interpretation of the "while" table turns, but the meaning.