Historical question, why was the US Congress mostly against the signing of the Treaty of Versailles?

The Treaty of Versailles ignored China's interests, triggering the May Fourth Movement, which caused a national sensation.

The Treaty of Versailles was a pact between the victorious powers (the Entente) and the defeated powers (the Allies) after World War I, and its main purpose was to weaken Germany's power.

On November 11, 1918, an armistice was declared, and after six months of negotiations (the Paris Peace Conference), a treaty was signed at the Palace of Versailles in Paris on June 28, 1919, which was recognized by the League of Nations and officially entered into force on January 10, 1920, marking the official end of World War I.

The Chinese delegates signed another peace treaty with Germany because they deliberately favored Japan and ignored China's interests in the handling of the Sino-Japanese Qingdao issue by the European powers at the meeting. The United States voted in Congress by a majority and did not sign the Treaty of Versailles.

The United States is just a pick-up of skin and teeth, people in Europe fight, you American people mix with what, you can't make a good deal of war money, but after the fight is over, when the spoils are divided, the Americans divide the spoils unevenly, that is, the Americans share less, and they don't want to.

No! The Treaty of Versailles was signed at the Palace of Versailles, southwest of Paris, on 28 June 1919, but did not enter into force until 20 January 1920. Wilson's signature was later denied by the U.S. Congress.

Wilson was the initiator of the League of Nations. On January 8, 1918, in his "Fourteen Points" peace principles to the Congress, he first mentioned the question of building the League of Nations. He also personally prepared a draft of the League of Nations.

After a bitter debate, the Paris Peace Conference was amended and adopted on April 28 and included it as the first part of the Treaty of Versailles. The Covenant stipulates that the executive power of the League of Nations shall be exercised by the General Assembly, composed of representatives of all Member States, and the Executive Yuan, which shall be composed of five permanent members of the United States, Great Britain, France, Japan and Italy, and four non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly on a regular basis. On 28 June, Wilson** signed the Treaty of Versailles.

In November 1919, the U.S. Congress's decision to sign the Treaty of Versailles was rejected by a majority of votes. But at the insistence of a majority of Democratic senators, the Senate made renewed efforts to pass the peace treaty. In an effort to get more votes in favor, a group of Republican and Democratic senators developed a compromise plan.

Earlier in November, the Senate voted 56 to 26 to pass Senator Henry Cabot Lodge's "reservation" to Article 10 of the League of Nations Covenant, stating that the Treaty of Versailles did not replace the Monroe Doctrine. Wilson** did not support the Senate's new efforts to pass the Treaty of Versailles, and he continued to oppose Lodge's "reservation" bill.

On March 15, 1920, in a decisive vote, many Democratic senators parted ways with ** and voted in favor of the Treaty of Versailles with reservations. As a result, 57 senators voted in favour of the Treaty of Versailles and 39 voted against, a majority of votes in favour, although 7 votes were needed to constitute the 2 3 votes required for the adoption of the Treaty. The Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles for the second time by a margin of seven votes, ending a long and bitter debate in the Senate.

Congress did not approve it, did not sign it.

Of course signed one of the Big Three.

The money owed by the Versailles Treaty made Germany poor and white and inflationary and unable to eat, and if it wants to survive, it can only expand its armaments and rob other countries, and lay down the creditors without paying back, otherwise it will be swallowed alive by the creditors, and World War II is inevitable.

There are certain reasons, but not all. The main reason is that this treaty did not completely liquidate Germany's war crimes, the First World War was a war between imperialists, and in layman's terms, black eats black, and under the condition that Germany was not completely defeated and the internal war elements were liquidated, giving Germany a harsh treaty was tantamount to cultivating hatred. This explains why after World War II, even though Germany lost more land, it no longer dared to call for war.

Because it has been crippled and not hurt, and all the Nazis have been liquidated.

Yes, first of all, the Versailles system changed the political landscape in Europe. Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire: Austro-Judicial Division; Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia were established; Part of the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire was ceded to Italy, and part was returned to Poland.

Germany's borders were redrawn. Second, the Versailles system changed the political landscape of the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire lost more territory and possessions, leaving only Istanbul in Europe and Asia Minor in Asia Minor as a single nation-state.

Again, repartition the colonies. Germany's overseas colonies, the Ottoman Empire's possessions, were divided among the victorious powers in the form of "mandates." In short, the Versailles system established a new order of imperialist domination in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, based on the dominance of Britain and France, the punishment of the defeated countries led by Germany, and the subjugation of weak and small nations.

The international body that sustained the Versailles system was the League of Nations, which was controlled by Britain and France.

There are many contradictions implicit in the Versailles system.

The plundering of the defeated countries deepened the contradiction between the victorious and the defeated countries; The uneven distribution of spoils has exacerbated the contradictions between the victorious countries; At the expense of the interests of the weak and small nations, the contradictions between the colonial and semi-colonial countries and the imperialist countries have been deepened.

The Treaty of Versailles or the Treaty of Versailles, the full name of which is the Peace Treaty between the Entente and the Participating Countries against Germany, was a peace treaty between the victorious (Allied Powers) and the defeated countries (the Central Powers) after World War I, and its main purpose was to punish and weaken Germany. The Allies and the Central Powers declared a ceasefire on November 11, 1918, and after six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference, the treaty was signed at the Palace of Versailles in Paris on June 28, 1919, marking the official end of World War I. It entered into force on January 10, 1920, after being recognized by the League of Nations.

Because the Paris Peace Conference could not resolve the Sino-Japanese Qingdao issue, China broke out into the May Fourth Movement, which did not sign the Treaty of Versailles, but signed another peace treaty with Germany. The United States did not sign the Treaty of Versailles because of a majority vote in Congress.

Wilson was also inexperienced in domestic political struggles, underestimating the strength of Congress and lacking the spirit of compromise necessary for a brilliant statesman. Political struggle requires compromise. Many of America's policies have been negotiated through repeated compromises, and many diplomatic battles have ended in compromises.

But Wilson was not compromising at all. When assembling the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, it was suggested that Wilson should extend Lodge's participation because the Republicans already had a majority in Congress. This is a good opportunity to build bipartisan cooperation.

But Wilson rejected the suggestion, leaving Rocky with a grudge. Originally, the Democratic Party was very hopeful of a compromise with the moderates, because the two sides did not have much difference, and the moderates only demanded that it be retained, and did not intend to revise the League of Nations treaty in terms of content and letter. But Wilson didn't accept it.

Both the Uncompromising and Lodge were afraid that the moderates would compromise with Wilson, so Lodge tried his best to win over the moderates and constantly compromise them, in stark contrast to Lodge's stiffness. Former ** Taft (Republican) once commented: "If they (referring to the Democrats) had appointed a committee to deal with the moderates, the moderates would have now had nine people, and I think they would have taken control of the situation; But if they wait to defeat the ratification of the peace treaty, the curse of the whole country will fall on their heads and not on the heads of the Republicans".

Even Rocky, fearing that he would be held accountable for not ratifying the peace treaty, agreed to negotiate a compromise with the Wilsonists. Hitchcock informed Wilson of this opinion in writing, but Wilson's answer was that he would not compromise, which embarrassed Hitchcock and made Lodge and the moderates no longer hesitate to unite. In fact, it turned out that the moderates were more inclined to unite with Wilson than with Lodge.

Until the eve of the vote, moderates said that compromise was possible, and they offered to postpone the vote and let Hitchcock take the initiative and propose compromise terms. But Wilson crushed his last chance to ratify the peace treaty when he rejected Hitchcock's suggestion in a letter asking the Democratic senators to defeat Lodge's treaty with reservations. Both moderates and Lodges hoped that the peace treaty would be ratified, or at least not to bear the responsibility for its failure.

The final result is satisfactory only to the uncompromising. None of the other factions were satisfied. Lansing's assessment of this is:

…He would rather sacrifice the interests of this country and the world than take a step back in the ongoing struggle in the Senate. ”

This is because the United States pursues an isolationist policy, believing that the United States only needs to manage the affairs of the Americas well and should not interfere in European affairs so as not to get into trouble.

Because the United States did not achieve the goals of the "14-point plan" proposed at the Paris Peace Conference, the plan to lead the world fell through.

The United States did not accept the Treaty of Versailles. Although Wilson** put forward 14 proposals for the establishment of the League of Nations, due to the situation in Europe and even the world order at that time, Britain and France dominated. The two countries also had a number of secret agreements to tighten control over the League of Nations and exclude the United States.

In addition, isolationism is rife in the United States, and anti-war sentiment is on the rise. Wilson believed that Britain and France's terms with Germany were too harsh, which could easily lead to German resentment and retaliation, which was not conducive to stability and peace. The existence of the League of Nations, dominated by Britain and France, and the Treaty of Versailles under its framework, were even more inconsistent with the interests of the United States.

Therefore, the United States did not participate in the League of Nations, let alone support the Treaty of Versailles.

At present, Germany is one of the major member states of the European Union, and the US policy towards Germany is mainly based on its policy towards Europe. That is, co-optation and kidnapping go hand in hand with defense and suppression. For its part, Germany's mainstream ideology and political posture after World War II have won the sympathy of most countries in the world.

The image of the aggressor is becoming more and more diluted, which is in stark contrast to Japan, the axis of East Asia. The mainstream policies of the world toward Germany are relatively moderate and have given a great deal of understanding to its historical acts of aggression. The United States is no exception to this.

To put it simply, the United States and other victorious powers participated in the Treaty of Versailles, but Congress rejected the Treaty of Versailles by refusing to pass a bill to support the United States' accession to the League of Nations. Subsequently, in 1921, the United States signed separate treaties with Germany, including the defeated powers, in which the treaty with Germany provided for the United States the benefits of the other victorious powers under the Treaty of Versailles. To put it bluntly, the United States supported the benefits of the Treaty of Versailles, except for joining the League of Nations.

That is, the United States participated in the development of the Treaty of Versailles, but did not sign it.

After World War I, the attitude of the United States towards Germany was obviously much more moderate than that of Britain and France, and even further relaxed after Harding came to power, and under the influence of the United States, European countries implemented the Dawes Plan against Germany to help Germany recover its economy, so as to achieve reparations to various countries, and then implemented the Younger Plan, which reduced the level of reparations, thus saving Germany. In fact, the United States' relations and policies toward Germany after World War I determined the restoration of Germany's economic and international status after World War I, and even determined the influence of the United States in Germany and even Europe in the coming decades.