What are the consequences of infusion reactions, and what are the adverse reactions after infusion

The most serious infusion reaction is death, generally speaking, it is because there is an allergic reaction to the drug that causes drops Generally speaking, before the use of the medicine that will cause allergies, there is a skin test, and there is a possibility that it is infected with bacteria or viruses to die, and the advice upstairs is very good to drop·· In the hospital, many of the allergy symptoms are similar, and some of the more careless doctors misjudge it

However, according to the clues you provided, I personally feel that it is a drug allergy and the circulatory system (that is, the blood vessels and blood vessels) established incorrectly during the operation, which is very likely to cause the death of the patient, and the allergic symptoms of some drugs are confused with the postoperative symptoms, which is easy to cause wrong judgment to the medical staff

There will be stomach upset, vomiting, fever, convulsions, dizziness and other phenomena. If such a situation occurs, do not continue to belong, and explain to the doctor that you have had such a reaction before the infusion in the future to avoid recurrence, severe shock.

1. Febrile reaction.

2. Allergic reactions.

3. Air embolism.

4. The cyclic load is too heavy.

Different medications should have different symptoms! But there are generally gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, nausea and vomiting! Dizziness, and other symptoms, the most important thing is that the patient must ask if there is a history of allergies before the infusion, which is what I have learned in pharmacology!

In severe cases, there is a risk of shock!

1.Fever chills, chills, fever (the fever is usually around 38 in mild cases, and the high fever is 40 41 in severe cases), accompanied by nausea, vomiting, headache, rapid pulse, malaise and other symptoms 2Heart failure, pulmonary edema Sudden chest tightness, shortness of breath, coughing up foamy bloody sputum; In severe cases, thin sputum may gush out of the mouth and nose, crackles may appear in the lungs, and the heart rate is rapid.

3.Phlebitis Cord-like red lines appear along the direction of the veins, and local tissues are red, swollen, burning, and painful, sometimes accompanied by systemic symptoms such as chills and fever. 4.

Air embolism Feeling of unusual chest discomfort, a sense of impending death, followed by dyspnea, severe cyanosis, and ECG showing myocardial ischemia and changes in acute cor pulmonale. Common Types of Infusion Reactions 1 Pyrogen reactions occur when bacterial endotoxins enter the body through intravenous infusion agents and accumulate more than the body can tolerate. Clinical symptoms are high fever, chills, **pallor, mydriasis, increased blood pressure, and leukopenia; In severe cases, it is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, headache and even coma, and even shock and death.

2 Pyrogen-like reaction The pyrogen-like reaction caused by insoluble particles in the infusion is mainly polluted by production, storage, infusion equipment, infusion operation process and infusion environment. 3 Allergic reactions In addition to general allergic reactions such as itching and erythematous rash, severe allergic reactions similar to pyrogen reactions are common in clinical practice, which is difficult to distinguish from pyrogen reactions. 4 Cell contamination is caused by a specific pyrogen reaction caused by the fluid contaminated by cells or fungi entering the body as a severe acute bacterial infection, such as severe bacteremia or sepsis.

3. Vasodilators and cardiotonics: febrile reaction is a common reaction to infusion.

Infusion reactions can occur within a few seconds of the start of the infusion, or they can occur at any time during the infusion process, and some delayed infusion reactions can occur some time after the infusion ends. It is mostly caused by the quality problems of the drug itself, pollution caused during operation, improper use of drug compatibility, and differences in patient system. During the infusion process, once the patient is found to have abnormal reactions such as chest tightness and palpitation, paleness, rash, dermatitis, nausea and vomiting, the possibility of infusion reactions should be considered and must be dealt with in time.

For infusion reactions, we should actively rescue and race against time.

1) Immediately stop the infusion, preserve the intravenous access, temporarily replace it with normal saline, and observe vital signs.

2) Patients with high fever should be given physical cooling, and anti-allergic drugs should be used according to the doctor's instructions, and the remaining solution and infusion bottles should be retained for bacterial culture.

3) If the patient has acute pulmonary edema, the infusion should be stopped immediately, the patient should sit upright, his legs droop, and be given high-flow oxygen, sedatives, cardiac drugs, etc.

4) Patients with phlebitis should elevate the affected limb, apply local hot compress or physiotherapy, and take antibiotics according to the doctor's advice if they are co-infected.

5) In the case of air embolism, the patient should be immediately placed in the left decubitus position and head down and foot high.

6) When the blood pressure drops and there are signs of shock, measures such as infusion, acid correction and application of vasoactive drugs should be taken quickly according to anti-shock rescue. Anaphylactic shock** lasts for a considerable period of time, and the patient's vital signs have recovered, which does not mean that all problems have been solved, and the patient needs to be closely observed and paid attention to the recurrence of the condition.

It can be seen that the risk of infusion itself can not be ignored, in order to reduce the risk, it should be used purposefully during infusion, and the condition can be infused or not infusion as much as possible, and correctly grasp the type, nature, speed and so on of the infusion liquid, because any link error, can cause serious adverse consequences. Secondly, it is necessary to pay attention to whether the liquid and infusion equipment are regular, and if the bottle mouth is loose, the packaging is damaged, or there are visible particles or turbidity in the liquid before the infusion, gas production and other phenomena, it must not be used. In the process of infusion, it is necessary to strictly operate aseptically, minimize the type and quantity of drug compatibility, and stop using it immediately if the color and clarity change or turbidity and crystallization occur after dosing.

(1) Emergency plans and procedures in the event of a transfusion reaction.

Emergency plan] 1 Immediately stop blood transfusion, replace the infusion tube, and change to normal saline.

2 Report to your doctor and administer as prescribed.

3 If it is a general allergic reaction, those who improve can continue to be observed and recorded.

4. Fill in the blood transfusion reaction report card if necessary and report it to the blood transfusion department.

5 When serious reactions such as hemolysis are suspected, keep the blood bag and take a blood sample from the patient and send it to the blood transfusion department.

6. If the patient's family has any objection, the blood transfusion device shall be sealed immediately in accordance with the relevant procedures.

Procedure] 2) Emergency plan and procedures in the event of an infusion reaction.

Emergency plan] 1 Immediately stop the infusion or preserve the intravenous access, and replace it with other fluids and infusion sets.

2 Report to your doctor and administer as prescribed.

3. If the condition is serious, rescue on the spot, and perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation if necessary.

4. Record the patient's vital signs, general condition and rescue process.

5. Report to the hospital infection department, pharmacy department, disinfection center, and nursing department in a timely manner.

6. Keep the infusion set and the liquid medicine and send them to the disinfection center and the pharmacy department respectively, and take the liquid, infusion set and syringe of the same batch number and send them for testing separately.

7. If the patient's family has any objection, the blood transfusion device shall be sealed immediately according to the relevant procedures.

Procedure].

Common infusion reactions: 1. Febrile reaction 2. Circulatory overload 3. Phlebitis 4. Air embolism 5. Anaphylactic shock Three steps to infusion reaction 1Do not remove the intravenous needle, and be sure to keep the intravenous access in case of rescue medication.

Once the venous access is removed, it is time-consuming and laborious to rebuild the venous access when the patient needs to be rescued, and it is easy to miss the rescue opportunity. 2.Replace it with a new set of infusion set tubing and a liquid with a different nature from the original liquid (if it is glucose, replace it with normal saline), and then decide after the condition is stable.

Rescue quintuple scheme was adopted: oxygen inhalation; Intravenous dexamethasone 10 15 mg (pediatric body weight) or hydrocortisone 100 mg (pediatric 5 10mg kg body weight times); Intramuscular or intravenous diphenhydramine 20 40mg (children's body weight); Intramuscular injection of compound aminopyrine 2ml (pediatric weight times) or oral ibuprofen suspension; If the peripheral nerves are cold or the skin is pale, 654-2 injections of 5mg (children's body weight) can be injected intramuscularly or intravenously; If the systolic blood pressure is less than 90 mm Hg, 654 2 injections of 10 30 mg intravenous drip are used at the same time as rapid fluid rehydration, and the effect on infusion reaction is better. Epinephrine should be used with caution in both classes of drugs.

In addition to drug allergies, subcutaneous injection of epinephrine during infusion reactions should be cautious, because the general infusion reaction is not an immediate allergic reaction, and the use of epinephrine violates the pathological mechanism of the infusion reaction. Epinephrine, a catecholamine drug, has a rapid pressor effect, which is correct for immediate allergic reactions, but its pressor effect can worsen the condition in hypertensive patients. Of course, when it can be judged to be an immediate allergic reaction, it is not unavoidable to use it with caution; It is also correct to use it when the infusion reaction is accompanied by a rapid drop in blood pressure.

The practice of sedation has proved that most patients can be quieted down quickly after the above treatment of infusion reactions, and sedation is no longer needed. If too much sedation is used too early, it can mask the change in the condition.

The first is allergic reaction, which is common for patients to have symptoms such as rash, itching, wheal rash, shock, and asthma. The second is pyrogenism, in which the patient has a high fever with a body temperature of more than 40 degrees, accompanied by vomiting, sweating, and chills. The third is neurological symptoms, which manifest as paleness, weakened pulse, and decreased blood pressure due to nervousness and fear.

What are the common infusion reactions? I feel dizzy and nauseous for common infusion reactions.

This is a lot, such as dizziness, chest tightness, rash, dyspnea, hematuria, fatigue, paleness and other phenomena. In general, if these symptoms occur, it is recommended to suspend the current infusion of drugs, and epinephrine can be used, combined with dexamethasone, etc.

Drug allergies: chills and fever, general or local itching, etc. In severe cases, anaphylactic shock may occur.

(1) Febrile reaction.

b) Circulatory overload reaction (acute pulmonary edema).

c) Phlebitis.

iv) Air embolism.

For details, see Fundamentals of Nursing - Infusion Reactions and Nursing.