What is a qanats used for, and what is the qanats principle?

What is a qanat? What kind of role does it have?

QanatsThe main principle of operation is that people seep a large amount of rainwater, glaciers and snow into the ground in the spring and summerMeltwaterBy taking advantage of the natural slope of the mountain, it leads to the surface for irrigation to meet the production and domestic water needs of the desert area.

The qanats in different places have different regional characteristics in terms of specific structure, but generally speaking, a complete qanats system includes four main components: shafts, culverts, open channels and dislocations. The flow rate of the qanats operating under this principle is stable and can ensure the self-flowing irrigation of the well water.

The qanats in Turpan can be divided into three types according to hydrogeological conditions and distribution:

1. The mountain river recharge type karez is distributed in the Flame Mountain.

In the upper reaches of the irrigation area to the north, the catchment section is longer, the water output is larger, the water volume is stable, and the salinity is low.

2. The undercurrent recharge type karez in front of the mountain, which is distributed in the alluvial fan south of the Huoshan Mountain.

At the upper edge of the irrigation area, the underflow formed by the direct diversion of the front side of the mountain, the seepage of the Tianshan water system and the seepage of the diversion canal system in the north irrigation area of Huoshan Mountain are used to replenish the groundwater, and the catchment section is as short as a dull omen.

3. Plain undercurrent recharge type karez, this kind of karez is distributed in the downstream of the southern irrigation area of Huoshan Mountain, the stratum is a soil structure, the hydrogeological conditions are poor, the water yield is small, and the salinity is high.

The characteristics of qanats are:

1. You don't need to be accompanied by celery. Compared with other wells, qanats can save a lot of manpower and physics, because most of the other wells require various energy, while qanats do not need them. This is due to the unique design structure of the qanats, which run from the top to the bottom, and the water in nature flows down the qanats, so there is no need for power to support them.

This characteristic has enabled the people in Xinjiang to devote more energy to farming and raising livestock, which has greatly promoted the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in Xinjiang. Although the design of the qanats requires a lot of manpower and material resources at first, it is worth the cost in the long run, because once the qanats are built, people will be able to store and obtain large amounts of water and increase the yield of crops.

2. The evaporation is very small, and the utilization rate of water resources is extremely high. In addition to the fact that it does not require power, the extremely high utilization rate of water resources is also a major feature of qanats. Traditional wells or canals tend to be open-air, and in the summer and autumn the water is exposed to direct sunlight and evaporates greatly.

The qanats are located underground, so they are not exposed to direct sunlight, and the ground acts as a "heat insulation".

Even in summer and autumn, when the surface temperature exceeds 40 degrees, the temperature of the underground water body can be maintained at about 20 degrees, the evaporation of the water body is very small, and the utilization rate of water resources is extremely high. The design of the qanats also allows the people of Xinjiang to effectively store the few pieces of water that can be used to irrigate farmland and provide livestock during the dry season.

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3. The water body is not easy to be polluted, and the water temperature is low. Water in traditional wells or well canals is susceptible to contamination because their water bodies are exposed to the ground and people tend to dispose of household waste.

Or waste is thrown into the water, causing water pollution. However, qanats are not susceptible to pollution, because the water surface of qanats is located under the ground trap, and it is difficult for domestic garbage or some pollutants to penetrate into it.

This feature makes the well water of the qanats available for people and livestock to drink, and can also achieve good results in irrigating farmland, so that the people of Xinjiang can live and work healthier. In addition, the water temperature of the karez is reduced, the water is pure, and the brewing is excellent, and the people of Xinjiang often store this water and use it when they need it, making their lives more comfortable and convenient.

The principle of karez is to find a water source at the undercurrent of snow water in the high mountains, dig a shaft of different depths at a certain interval, and then build a culvert at the bottom of the well according to the terrain, communicate the wells, and divert the water downstream. The outlets of the underground channels are connected to the surface channels to divert groundwater to the surface for irrigation of mulberry fields. <

The qanats are to find a water source at the undercurrent of the snow water in the high mountains, drill a shaft of different depths at certain intervals, and then bury the culvert type at the bottom of the well according to the high terrain, communicate the wells, and divert the water downstream. The water outlet of the lower channel of Dibu Chunpei is connected to the surface channel, which directs groundwater to the surface to irrigate mulberry fields.

This special water conservancy project is scientific and reasonable, and has many advantages.

First, without lifting water tools, the underground undercurrent buried in the upstream can be diverted to a depth of tens of meters, or even more than 100 meters, and the ground can be drawn downstream for artesian irrigation, which not only overcomes the difficulty of lack of power lifting equipment, but also saves the investment and related management costs of power lifting equipment.

Second, the effluent flow is quite stable, and the water quality is as clear as a spring.

Third, culverts can reduce evaporation and prevent wind and sand ingress. In the Turpan Basin, which is very hot in summer and has a lot of sand, this is also an important advantage.

Qanats

Karez was recorded as early as in the "Historical Records", and it was called "well canal". Most of the existing karez in Turpan have been built one after another since the Qing Dynasty. Today, large tracts of oasis fertile fields are still watered.

The suburbs of Turpan City, Wudao Lin Karez, Wuxing Township Karez, can be visited. Karez is introduced from alpine snow water, the water quantity is stable, the water quality is good, the artesian quotation is not needed, the evaporation loss of underground water diversion is small, the wind and sand hazard is less, the construction tools are simple, the technical requirements are not high, the management cost is low, it is convenient for individual farmers to disperse the operation, and is deeply loved by the local people.

Qanats are arid desert areas, using Kaizhi to search for groundwater, through underground channels can artesianly lead groundwater dust and guide groundwater to the ground, irrigation and domestic water intake facilities. It is one of the main sources of water for the people of all ethnic groups in Turpan to carry out agricultural and animal husbandry production and drinking water for people and livestock.

Benefits: 1. Stable water quantity and good water quality. Brotherhood.

2. Self-flowing citation, no need for power.

3. Underground water diversion evaporation loss and sand hazard are less.

4. The construction tools are simple, the technical requirements are not high, and the management cost is low.