The classification of Chinese culture, the definition and classification of Chinese culture

How is Chinese culture classified? Let's take a closer look:Four-library mode

There are two ways to classify Chinese studies:

One is the classification method of "Siku Quanshu", which divides the Chinese credits into four categories: classics, history, sub-books, and collections.

"Sutra" refers to ancient classics, such as "Book of Changes", "Tao Te Ching", "Book of Songs", "Book of Filial Piety", etc., and later Yedou added a little bit of language exegesis, such as "Erya";

"History" refers to some historiographical works, including general histories, such as Sima Qian's "Historical Records", Zheng Qiao's "General Chronicles", and the history of dynasties, such as Ban Gu's "Book of Han", Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms", Ouyang Xiu's "History of the New Five Dynasties", etc.; political history, such as Sima Guang's "Zizhi Tongjian", Li Tao's "Continuation of Zizhi Tongjian", etc.; The institutional history of the cultural relics and canons is detailed, such as Du You's "General Dictionary" and Ma Duanlin's "General Examination of Literature"; Chronicles centered on the region.

Zi refers to a collection of essays by people who founded a doctrine or school in Chinese history. For example, the Confucian "Analects", "Mencius", "Xunzi", the Legalist "Han Feizi", "Shang Junshu", the "Sun Tzu" of the Bingjia, the Taoist "Laozi", "Zhuangzi", as well as the Shi family, the farmer, the doctor, the astronomical algorithm, the number of mathematics, the art, the score, the miscellaneous family, the class of books, the ** family are all included in the "sub-department".

The "collection" is a collection of literati and scholars in history and a collection of personal essays. The individual is called "other collections", such as "Li Taibai Collection", "Du Gongbu Collection", "Wang Jinggong Collection", etc.; General collections such as "Zhaoming Anthology", "Wenyuan Yinghua", "Yutai New Song" and so on. Some ancient drama works not included in the four libraries, such as "The Palace of Eternal Life", "The Legend of the West Chamber", and "The Peony Pavilion", also belong to the collection.

Attribute method

the other is classified according to the content, which is divided into three categories: the study of righteousness, which clarifies the truth of things, that is, philosophy; The study of evidence, engaged in historical research, and also Song Zhou Mo is historiography; The study of dictionaries, which is engaged in the creation of practical literary styles such as poetry and prose, chapter recitals, and calligraphy, is literature, and what is called literature, history, philosophy and other social sciences today. Later, someone added two more on this basis to make up for its shortcomings:

The first is the study of the world, that is, the political, economic, legal and other social science knowledge of governing the country and controlling the people; The second is the study of science and technology, that is, natural science knowledge such as sound, light, chemistry and electricity.

At present, the mainstream understanding is to classify Chinese culture into the "Siku Quanshu", which is divided into four parts: classics, history, children, and collections, and later generations have added Mongolian studies to it. Among them, the reed burial excavation and sub-department are the most important, and modern scholarship is more inclined to the scripture department. Siku Quanshu is the largest book series in ancient China, compiled in the Qianlong period, and completed by first-class scholars such as Ji Xiaolan, Wang Niansun, and Dai Zhen at that time.

Classics: The scriptures are divided into "Yi Class", "Book Class", "Poetry Class", "Ritual Class", "Spring and Autumn Class", "Filial Piety Class", "Group Classic General Meaning Class", "Four Books Class", "Music Class", "Primary School Class", "Stone Classics Class", and "Compilation Class", which are mainly Confucian classics and famous works of Confucian classics and commentaries on Confucian classics. The most important of these is the Thirteen Classics of Confucianism

Zhou Yi", "Shangshu", "Zhou Li", "Book of Rites", "Rites", "Book of Songs", "Spring and Autumn Zuo Biography", "Spring and Autumn Ram Biography", "Spring and Autumn Valley Liang Liyuan Biography", "Analects", "Filial Piety Sutra", "Erya", "Mencius".

In a broad sense, Sinology refers to the cultural inheritance and academic records of the Chinese dynasties.

Including ancient Chinese history, philosophy, geography, politics, economics and even calligraphy and painting, Yixue, mathematics, medicine, astrology, architecture, etc. In the narrow sense, Sinology refers to ancient Chinese doctrines. Modern Sinology is a broad concept, although it is closely related to classics, but its value orientation is different, and its meaning is broader, covering all kinds of traditional scholarship in the subset of classics and history.

It is generally believed that Sinology is the "abbreviation of Chinese Studies", as opposed to "Western Studies". Some commentators have pointed out that "modern Chinese studies is not a simple continuation of traditional scholarship, but a transitional form of Chinese scholarship from tradition to modernity under the influence of modern Western studies." ”

Sinology is based on the classics of the pre-Qin dynasty and the hundred schools of thought, covering a unique and complete cultural and academic system such as the classics of the Han Dynasty, the metaphysics of the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Buddhism of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the science of the Song and Ming dynasties, the practical studies of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the poetry of the pre-Qin Dynasty, the Han Fu, the six dynasties, the poetry of the Tang and Song dynasties, the Yuan qu and the history of the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The pre-Qin Zhuzi Hundred Schools of Thought are coexisting and resonant, and there is no master-slave relationship, if we talk about the role played by the period, each school of thought plays an explicit or implicit role in each period, but the field of action is different; Various theories also play an important role in different fields, and the mainstream role in one field does not mean all.

Generally speaking, "Sinology" is also known as "Sinology" or "Sinology", which refers to traditional Chinese culture and scholarship. Sinology includes ancient Chinese philosophy, history, religion, literature, etiquette, research, ethics, traditional Chinese medicine, agriculture, mathematics, geography, politics, economy, calligraphy and painting, architecture, and many other aspects.

The concept of "Chinese Studies" was born in the twenties of the 20th century, when the wind of reform of "Western learning to the East" was in full swing, and Zhang Zhidong, Wei Yuan, and others put forward the concept of "middle school" (Chinese studies) in order to contrast with Western learning, and advocated that "middle school is the body, Western learning is the application", on the one hand, to learn Western civilization, and at the same time to restore the study of the Han and Han scriptures.

Sinology is based on the classics of the pre-Qin dynasty and the hundred schools of thought, covering a unique and complete set of cultural and academic systems such as the classics of the two Han dynasties, the metaphysics of the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Taoism of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the science of the Song and Ming dynasties, the practical studies of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the pre-Qin poetry, Han Fu, the six dynasties, the poetry of the Tang and Song dynasties, the Yuan qu and the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The theories of the hundred schools of thought of the pre-Qin Dynasty coexist and resonate, and there is no master-slave relationship between Zheng Zhen, if we talk about the role played by the period, each school of thought plays an explicit or implicit role in each period, but the field of action is different;

Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "deposed the hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", it was Confucianism that played a mainstream role in the field of ideological education, but other schools of thought also played an important role in different fields, such as Taoism and Legalism in the political field, Taoism in the military field, military school, Taoism in the medical field, medicine, and other schools in various fields (famous, Mohist, peasant......And so on.

Mainstreaming in one area is not the whole story. Therefore, there is no distinction between master and slave among the various schools of Chinese studies, and there is no question of which school of thought is the main body.

Definition: Sinology refers to traditional Chinese culture and scholarship with Confucianism as the main body.

The term "Chinese Studies" was born in the late Qing Dynasty during the historical period of eastward expansion and cultural transformation. As for whose "original" it is, there is no definite answer yet. Some people say that Zhang Binglin (Zhang Taiyan) organized the "Chinese Studies Seminar" in Japan, and Liu Shipei (Liu Shenshu) also initiated the "Chinese Studies Preservation Association", and probably the two of them were the first users of the word "Chinese Studies".

However, whether this answer is correct or not needs to be further investigated.

As for the definition of Chinese culture, in a strict sense, so far, the academic community has not made a unified and clear definition. Famous people have different opinions, and there is no consensus.

For example, Deng Shi, a nationalist faction, wrote in 1906: "What is a scholar of the country? All the learning in a country.

There is land and life is on it, because it becomes a country, and those who have a country have their learning. Those who learn from one country should learn from one country for national use, and govern one country for the sake of self-government. "Mr. Deng's concept of Chinese culture is very broad, but it mainly emphasizes the practical application of Chinese culture.

This interpretation is not a perfect interpretation of the definition of Sinology. Perhaps, we need to borrow other similar words to understand the word "national studies".

The definition of Chinese culture is based on the pre-Qin classics and the hundred schools of thoughtIt covers a complete set of cultural and academic systems such as the two Han Dynasty classics, Wei and Jin metaphysics, Sui and Tang Taoism, Song and Ming Dynasty science, Ming and Qing dynasty realism, and the contemporaneous pre-Qin poetry, Han Fu, Six Dynasties Pun Wen, Tang and Song poetry, Yuan Qu and Ming and Qing dynasties, and the historiography of the past dynasties.

In Chinese history, "Chinese studies" refers to the official studies headed by "Guozijian", and since the "eastward expansion of Western studies", it generally refers to "traditional Chinese ideological and cultural scholarship" relative to Western studies. In 1902, in the correspondence between Liang Qichao and Huang Zunxian, the concept of "Chinese studies" began to be used.

The difference between the new Chinese culture and the original Chinese culture:

The new Sinology represents a new academic system based on the traditional culture with Confucianism as the main body, absorbing the essence of Western Marxism-Leninism, and essentially different from the original Sinology.

Based on the Juche culture and society of Confucianism, the new Sinology re-proposes the concept of Sinology in addition to the complex situation of controversy among hundreds of schools of thought in the diversity of traditional Sinology. Breaking the self-monopoly and closure of traditional Chinese studies represents going to the world and belongs to a new Chinese academic concept.

What is the definition of Chinese culture?

Strictly speaking, there is no clear definition of Chinese culture. Anyway, there are different opinions among famous experts, and there is no unified opinion. Among them, it is generally said that as long as there is a practical application in traditional Chinese culture, it is Chinese culture.

However, generally speaking, Sinology refers to traditional Chinese culture and scholarship with Confucianism as the main body. Including medicine, drama, calligraphy and painting, mathematics, etc.

Classification of Chinese Studies

According to disciplines, Chinese studies can be divided into philosophy, history, religion, literature, etiquette, ethics, and so on. The history of China tells us that Sinology is based on Confucian philosophy.

According to ideology, Chinese culture can be divided into pre-Qin princes, Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and so on. China's thousand-year-old history tells us that Confucianism is the dominant ideology of Chinese culture, and other ideas are subordinate.

According to the four parts, Chinese culture should be divided into four parts: classics, history, sub-studies, and collections. Among them, the meridian and sub-divisions are the mainstay, especially the meridian department. As explained here, the Jing refers to the scriptures, mainly the Confucian classics.

History refers to the official history. Zi refers to the writings and religions of the hundred schools of pre-Qin periods. A set refers to a compilation of poems.