What is the definition, classification, classification of enzymes in industrial enzymes?

According to the different properties of the reactions catalyzed by enzymes, enzymes are divided into seven categories:

Oxidoreductases promote redox reactions in substrates.

is a class of enzymes that catalyze redox reactions, which can be divided into two categories: oxidase and reductase.

Transferases catalyze the carrying of certain groups (e.g., acetyl groups) between substrates.

methyl, amino, phosphate, etc.). For example, methyltransferases, aminotransferases.

Acetyltransferases, transferases, kinases, and polymerases, among others.

Hydrolases catalyze the hydrolysis of substrates.

enzymes. For example, amylase.

Proteases, lipases.

Phosphatase, glycosidase, etc.

Lyases catalyze reactions that remove a group from a substrate (non-hydrolyzed) and leave a double bond or its reverse reaction. For example, dehydrases, decarboxylases, carbonic anhydrases, aldolases, citrate synthases, etc. Many lyases catalyze a reverse reaction that results in the formation of a new chemical bond between the two substrates.

and eliminate the double bond of one substrate. Synthase falls into this category.

Isomerases catalyze various isomers.

Enzymes that are converted between geometric or optical isomers. For example, isomerases, surface arguases, racemases, etc.

Synthases catalyze the synthesis of two molecular substrates into a single molecular compound, and at the same time conjugate the phosphate bond cleavage and release energy of ATP. Examples include glutamine synthetase, DNA ligase, amino acid:tRNA ligase, and biotin-dependent.

carboxylases, etc.

Translocase: Enzymes that catalyze the transport of ions or molecules across membranes or move within membranes. Some of these enzymes involved in ATP hydrolysis are classified as hydrolases (EC), but hydrolysis is not the primary function of these enzymes. As a result, the Nomenclature Committee recently decided to classify this type of enzyme as the seventh largest group of enzymes.

Some enzymes such as the digestive system.

The various proteases in the form of inactive precursors are synthesized and secreted, and then, transported to specific sites, when needed in the body, are transformed into active enzymes by the action of specific proteolytic enzymes. The precursors of these non-catalytically active enzymes are called zymogen.

Such as pepsinogen.

pepsinogen), trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, etc. The process by which a substance acts on zymogen to convert it into an active enzyme is called zymogen andactivation of zymogen. The substance that converts inactive zymogen into an active enzyme is called activin.

Activins have some specificity for the activation of zymogen.

According to the nature of enzymatic reactions, enzymes can be divided into 6 categories, and their order is as follows:

1) Oxidoreductases: enzymes that catalyze the redox reaction of substrates.

2) Transferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer or exchange of certain groups between substrates.

3) Hydrolase enzymes: enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of substrates.

4) Lyases (or lyases): Enzymes that catalyze a reaction that removes a group from a substrate and leaves a double bond or its reverse reaction.

5) Isomerases: enzymes that catalyze the interconversion between various isomers.

6) Synthases: enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of two molecular substrates into a molecular compound, and at the same time conjugate the phosphate bond cleavage and release energy with ATP.

According to the international classification, it is divided into seven categories, which are oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, synthases and transferases.

Based on the function of enzymes, enzymes are usually classified into the following categories.

1) Oxidoreductases are divided into oxidase and dehydrogenase. In the body it participates in the production of energy, detoxification and the synthesis of certain physiologically active substances.

2) Transferases. It is involved in the metabolism and synthesis of nucleic acids, proteins, sugars and fats.

3) Hydrolase enzymes. These enzymes catalyze hydrolysis reactions that hydrolyze organic macromolecules into simple small molecule compounds. For example, lipase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats into glycerol and fatty acids, is the most widely used enzyme in humans.

4) Lyases. These enzymes can break down complex compounds into several compounds.

5) Isomerases. It specializes in catalyzing the transformation between isomeric compounds, allowing genes within the molecule to rearrange. For example, glucose and fructose are isomers, and glucose and fructose can be converted into each other under the catalysis of glucose isomerase.

6) Synthases. This type of enzyme combines two or more living substances into a new substance.

Many enzymes constitute a regular enzyme system that controls and regulates the metabolic activities of complex life. In the early days, enzyme engineering technology mainly extracted, separated, and purified various enzyme preparations from animals, plants, and microbial materials, and applied them to industrial fields such as chemical, food, and medicine. After the 70s of the 20th century, breakthroughs have been made in enzyme immobilization technology, which has rapidly applied enzyme engineering technologies such as immobilized enzymes, immobilized cells, bioreactors and biosensors.

With the birth of the third generation of enzyme preparations, the application of various enzyme engineering technologies to manufacture fine chemical products and pharmaceutical supplies, as well as their effective application in various fields such as chemical detection and environmental protection, has made the industrialization level of enzyme engineering technology among the best in the field of modern biotechnology, and is integrating with genetic engineering, cell engineering and microbial engineering to form a new industrial category with great economic benefits.

Enzymes used in industry are basically divided into two categories:

1. Hydrolase enzymes, including amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, pectinase, lactase, etc., account for more than 75% of market sales. At present, more than 60% of enzyme preparations have been produced with genetically modified strains;

2. Non-hydrolytic enzymes, accounting for about 10% of the market's sales, and have a tendency to increase year by year, mainly enzymes for analytical reagents and enzymes for the pharmaceutical industry;

3. In the food industry, the proportion of enzymes used for starch processing is still the largest, at 15%; This is followed by the dairy industry, which accounts for 14%. Although the traditional application of enzymes in the food, textile, and tanning industries has been quite extensive and technically mature, it is still developing.

The classification of enzymes is as follows:

1. Enzymes related to DNA replication. 2. Enzymes related to DNA transcription. 3. Enzymes involved in protein translation.

4. Enzymes related to reverse transcription. 5. Enzymes related to genetic engineering. 6. Stupid voltases related to plant cell engineering.

7. Enzymes related to animal cell work. 8. Composition of enzymes. 9. Induce enzymes, etc.