Paper was invented in the Eastern Han Dynasty, so why did the Warring States have an allusion to ta

We have all learned in textbooks that the appearance of paper was in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but in the Warring States period, there was such an allusion as "talking on paper", what is the reason? The reason is very simple, in fact, the appearance of paper is not in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but in the early days of the Western Han Dynasty, to this day has a history of more than 2,000 years, but the paper of the Western Han Dynasty is very rough, so it has not been widely used, until it was improved by Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty, paper was slowly promoted.

The idiom of talking about war on paper is well-known, which means how powerful it is to fight a war on paper, that is, the theory of a person fighting a war is very rich, but when it comes to actual combat, it is not good, and it cannot actually solve the problem, and now it is a derogatory termNow as long as you talk about this idiom, everyone will think of Zhao Kuo, because everyone thinks that this idiom was invented by him, and its ** is the famous Changping Battle between Qin and Zhao. In the early stage of the Battle of Changping, the contest between Wang Rong of Qin and Lian Po of Zhao State, after Lian Po failed several times, he began to hold on and kept strengthening the city, which also made Wang Rong of Qin State have no choice, but Qin and Zhao could not afford to drag it out, because the two sides of this war had a million troops, and even Qin State did not dare to drag it on.

Later, both countries changed their generals, Qin Guo was replaced by Bai Qi, and Zhao State was replaced by Zhao Kuo, in fact, Zhao Kuo was able to take on this important task because of his father, and Zhao Kuo was familiar with military books since he was a child, and he was very powerful in military theory. It's a pity that Zhao failed in this battle, and people believe that the main reason for the defeat was Zhao KuoSo it is also correct to use words on paper to describe Zhao Kuo, but this idiom was not invented at that time.

In fact, the time when talking about soldiers on paper as an idiom appeared was in the Qing Dynasty, which means that it has nothing to do with Zhao Kuo's dynasty, and talking about soldiers on paper is just a hat that later generations put on Zhao Kuo.

In fact, the allusion on paper is from a war in the Warring States Period, which is the Battle of Changping between Qin and Zhao.

Talking on paper does not mean the invention of paper, but talking about one thing. Don't put it into practice.

In fact, paper did not appear in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but in the early Western Han Dynasty, and later Cai Liang transformed paper and paper appeared. The idiom of talking on paper is used to describe Zhao Tian, and it has been passed down to future generations.

In fact, the idiom of talking on paper is an idiom that evolved later, and it was not written on paper at that time, and it was not written on paper at that time.

It was only invented in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but before the invention of paper, there were already things similar to paper in the Warring States, but the paper at that time was relatively rough.

The words on paper are only a summary of the events of the time in later generations.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, paper was officially improved and popularized, and there were similar things before, and it was not known to the world because it was rough and difficult to use.

This is just an idiom, our Chinese characters are broad and profound, it is so powerful, it can predict the prophet, and there is no conflict between the two!

The source of "talking on paper" comes from Zhao Kuo, the general of Zhao during the Warring States Period, but there was no paper at that time, so it was impossible for this story to have the saying of "talking about soldiers on paper".

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the eunuch Cai Lun improved papermaking, but it was not he who invented paper. It is generally accepted that during the Western Han Dynasty, there was the appearance of paper, or even earlier. But there was no concept of paper at that time, and paper at that time was not paper in the current sense.

No matter when paper appeared, but after Cai Lun improved papermaking techniques, the story of Zhao Kuo was not summarized as "talking on paper".

Historical Records of Lian Po Lin Xiangru Biography records that during the Warring States Period, Zhao Kuo, the son of Zhao Hao, a famous general of Zhao State, was familiar with the art of war, and his father could not debate him. Later, he succeeded Lian Po as a general, and in the first battle of Changping, he was defeated by the Qin army. This story shows that only empty talk about theories cannot solve practical problems.

But without the appearance of paper at that time, it was impossible to refine it into an idiom allusion of "talking on paper". Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty improved papermaking, and no one thought of summarizing Zhao Kuo's story as "talking on paper".

In the Ming Dynasty, Liu Sanwu, a native of Chaling, Hunan, wrote a lot of poems, many of which talked about military affairs. Looking at his experience, it is rare to see his military achievements, whether it is "on paper", it is not easy to say.

But in the second of his "Three Miscellaneous Songs of Shonan", there is a poem:

Three Shonan Miscellaneous Songs (Part 2).

The mountains and rivers are still like water, and I listen to the sound of the jackdaws at dusk.

The government and the opposition still boast of "soldiers on paper", mentioning "soldiers on paper", but they did not directly say that it was "soldiers on paper".

The thirty-first chapter of Li Baojia's ** "The Appearance of Officialdom" of the Qing Dynasty said:

Recently, there was a big challenge in the county, and some of the words were suffocating and difficult to do, after all, the scholar's opinion was all on paper. "

This clearly talks about "talking on paper", which is generally the earliest "talking on paper" that can be consulted, which is 2,000 years away from Zhao Kuo's story.

There is nothing strange about this.

This is the charm of Chinese culture, the reason why it is broad and profound, is that its inheritance, development, and continuous development. Constantly learning the wisdom of the ancients, absorbing nutrients, and constantly innovating and developing have achieved the glory of today's Chinese culture.

The idiom tells the story of the Warring States, but the idiom itself is not something that the Warring States did.

The word "talking about soldiers on paper" appeared relatively late, at least there was no such thing before the Ming Dynasty, the earliest appearance should be in the Yongqian period of the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong criticized "watching its folding love words, but talking about soldiers on paper", this may be the earliest source of talking about soldiers on paper, and has nothing to do with Zhao Kuo, and later Shen Baozhen put Zhao Kuo, Ma Tan, Yin Hao, and Fang Xuan into one category, and called it "talking about soldiers on paper."", which may have been the first to put "on paper.""added to Zhao Kuo.

Paper, first invented in the Western Han Dynasty, in 105 AD Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty improved the papermaking technology, the material is convenient, the process is simple, energy saving and environmental protection, and it has been widely spread. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Cai Lun" records: "Since ancient times, the book has been mostly compiled with bamboo slips, and those who use silk are called paper, which is expensive and simple, and is not convenient for people.

Lun is a creative idea, using tree skin, hemp and disadvantage cloth, fishing nets as paper. ......Since the world is indispensable, so the world is called 'Cai Hou paper'. ”

The existence of paper has not been verified, and our archaeological discoveries have not proved the origin of paper. Paper has been there for a long time, not after the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty Cai Lun just let the cost of papermaking decrease, can only be said to improve the papermaking technology, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period already had the concept of paper, at that time paper means like paper, as paper, there are parchment paper, silk paper, turtle paper, wood paper, bamboo paper, in short, the use and development of paper is a long process, the paper is categorically believed from the Eastern Han Dynasty Cai Lun after the paper.

However, as a writing material tool, before the invention of "paper", the wisdom of the ancients was also unfathomable, such as oracle bones, bell and tripod sacrifices, silk silk, bamboo and wood slips, and so on. In the pre-Qin period, writing, as a symbol of civilization, was a luxury derived from the privilege of the aristocracy, and expensive writing materials and tools were monopolized by the aristocratic class, and ordinary people could not enjoy them. The invention of "paper" and the improvement of the technological process opened the most powerful cultural downward universal communication revolution in Chinese history, so that the humble scholars also had the opportunity and possibility to read and hyphenation.

Zhao Kuo, a young and vigorous military theorist at the end of the Warring States Period, performed the ironic allusion of "talking on paper", which was rendered, processed and refined by historians and writers of later generations, and finally became a well-known idiom in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

From "allusions" to "idioms", this is not only an inevitable trend in China's historical development and cultural dissemination, but also a manifestation of the remarkable characteristics of the highly condensed language and art of ancient oriental civilization.

<>The allusion to "talking on paper" comes from "Historical Records: Lian Po Lin Xiangru Biography".

This allusion is that Zhao Kuo, the son of Zhao Hao, a famous general of Zhao during the Warring States Period, learned the art of war since he was a child, and talked about using soldiers to fight wars. Zhao Kuo once talked to his father Zhao Hao about using soldiers to fight, but Zhao Hao couldn't talk about him. But Zhao Hao did not praise his son's awesomeness, but said to his wife worriedly:

Although the son is familiar with the art of war, he has no actual combat experience and will not be flexible according to the actual situation, and if he leads the army to fight in the future, he will suffer a crushing defeat. ”

Later, in the Battle of Changping, Zhao Guo fell into a counter-plot, removed Lian Po, and ordered Zhao Kuo to be a general, and the Zhao army was really defeated. Zhao Kuo was killed in battle, more than 400,000 soldiers were killed, and Zhao Guo's vitality was greatly damaged, and he was soon destroyed by Qin.

Therefore, "talking on paper" means that talking about fighting a war on paper is very powerful (but it will not work if it is actually fought), and it is a metaphor for talking about theory and not solving practical problems. It is also a metaphor that empty talk cannot become reality.

So the question is, it is recognized that paper was invented by Cai Lun, a eunuch of the Eastern Han Dynasty, why was there an allusion to "talking on paper" during the Warring States Period?

According to Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", Cai Lun made paper from low-cost raw materials such as bark, hemp, old cloth, fishing nets, etc., which was quickly popularized and applied because of its simple production process and low manufacturing cost, and was called "Caihou paper" by the world.

However, Bangu's Book of Han records that in the 2nd century B.C., there were cases of using paper to wrap medicine. It can be seen that before Cai Lun made paper, there was already paper, and Cai Lun probably only improved papermaking. In particular, modern archaeological discoveries have unearthed Western Han paper from Fangmatan in Tianshui, Gansu, Fengsui site in Maquanwan in Dunhuang and Hanhangquan Post Site in Tianshuijing, Dunhuang, which is more solid and Cai Lun only improved papermaking.

But this can only push the papermaking time forward to the Western Han Dynasty, and there was still no paper during the Warring States Period.

So is "talking on paper" wrong? Not. There are actually two misconceptions here:

The first misconception is that the word "paper" did not originally refer to the current "paper". According to the "Kangxi Dictionary": "The ancients wrote on silk, so cut its edges, such as a wadd."

The Book of the Later Han Dynasty also clearly recorded: "Since ancient times, the book deeds have been mostly compiled with bamboo slips, and those who use silk are called them."'paper'。In other words, the earliest word "paper" refers to the silk fabric used for writing, so it is "next to the skein (纟)".

The second misunderstanding, the idiom "talking on paper", did not appear during the Warring States period. Sending envoys to the imperial capital for many years, the name is not true.

There is only Shonan in OgamiThe government and the opposition still boasted of the soldiers on paper.

Zhuzhen is just like the end of the Tang Dynasty, who is Li Changcheng?

The mountains and rivers are still like water, and I listen to the sound of the jackdaws at dusk.

In the late Qing Li Baojia's "The Appearance of Officialdom"**, this idiom is also used: "Recently, there is a big challenge to the county to put a Chen, and some of the words are suffocating and difficult to do, after all, the scholar's opinion is allOn paper

Therefore, although paper appeared relatively late, there is nothing wrong with the allusion of "talking on paper", because most of the allusions are gradually formed in later generations many years after the death of the parties.

The historical allusion of "Sheben chasing the end" tells the story of Zhao Kuo's defeat in the Battle of Changping in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but the phrase "Sheben chasing the end" was caused at the turn of the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. Not convinced? Please find out that all the books that describe the events of the Battle of Changping before the Dynasty will not have the phrase "abandon the book and chase the end"!

Note that it must be a book of classic works before the Ming Dynasty. Previously, I once read an article on the cultivation and development of cotton wool in China, based on the fact that archaeologists found fragments of pure cotton cloth in the ruins of the ancient Loulan Kingdom in the Luobu Naoer region of Xinjiang, and set the time period of cotton wool to China at the stage of the Han Dynasty's horse aid envoy Saibei.

In conclusion, some readers clearly pointed out that there would have been cotton clothes in Mencius's time. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the eunuch Cai Lun improved the invention of papermaking, but it was not he who invented paper. The recognized saying is that in the Western Han Dynasty, there was the occurrence of paper, and even earlier.

But at that time, there was no definition of paper, and paper at that time was not paper in the actual sense of the word. No matter when paper happened, but after Cai Lun improved the invention of papermaking, he did not summarize Zhao Kuo's story as "abandoning the original and chasing the end". "Historical Records: The Biography of Lian Po Lin Xiangru" describes the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Zhao Kuo, the son of Zhao Hao, the general of the Yan State, read through the military books, and his father also argued but he.

After that, he took over as a general and fought for a long time, but was defeated by the Qin soldiers. This story shows that it is difficult to solve practical problems by talking about basic theories.

Later, through archaeology, a batch of "Baqiao paper" was excavated, and it was inferred that the era was about in the year of Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty. However, at that time, the printing paper was very expensive, but the application effect was not good. Dongfang Shuo, the stranger we know, used 3,000 pieces of bamboo slips when he played to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Che at that time, and this kind of bamboo slips could be carried by two outstanding talents, and it took Emperor Wu two months to read it.

It is not difficult to see that although there was paper at that time, there were not many people who used it. Thus according to my inference, the term "sacrificial end" belongs to the substance of the structure of the descendants. The prototype of the war on paper should be ** in the Song Dynasty, <>

Because the Song people emphasized literature over military force, there were usually cases of literati and ink leading troops to cause fiascosson, and thus have words like that to describe the literati and inkmen. Therefore, it was not to describe Zhao Kuo at the beginning. Some people also say that it is the poetry of Yu Mingren:

In a word, the word abandonment of the essence belongs to the posterity. Zhao Kuo should say that it is more appropriate to say that it is "bamboo talking". However, there is no need to change it, because of its relative nature of the story, people pay more attention to its meaning